Thinking about women : sociological perspectives on sex and gender

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Thinking About Women: Sociological Perspectives on Sex and Gender, Seventh Edition, provides a comprehensive review of feminist scholarship in the social sciences, showing how gender operates in every aspect of society, and how the experiences of both men and women are created through social institutions. The seventh edition introduces new discussions on numerous topics including gay marriage, welfare reform, women and the military, interracial dating and friendship, affirmative action, transgender identities, disability, and the global AIDS epidemic. Book jacket.

Preface	p. ix
About the Author	p. xv
Part I Introduction
1 Studying Women: Feminist Perspectives	p. 1
Why Study Women?	p. 2
The Sociological Imagination	p. 6
Defining Feminism	p. 9
Women's Studies and the Inclusion of Women	p. 11
The Growth of Men's Studies	p. 13
The Significance of Gender, Race, and Class	p. 14
A Sociological Framework for Thinking about Women	p. 16
Chapter Summary and Themes	p. 16
Key Terms	p. 17
Discussion Questions/Projects for Thought	p. 18
Internet Resources	p. 18
Suggested Readings	p. 18
Part II Gender, Culture, and Sex
2 The Social Construction of Gender	p. 21
Biology, Culture, and Society	p. 21
The Biological Basis of Sex Identity	p. 22
Ambiguous Sexual Identities	p. 22
Nature/Nurture and Sexually Dimorphic Traits	p. 24
Biological Determinism	p. 25
The Difference Culture Makes	p. 27
The Institutional Basis of Gender	p. 30
Socialization and the Formation of Gender Identity	p. 33
Sanctions and Expectations	p. 33
Race and Gender Identity	p. 35
Socialization across the Life Course	p. 37
Infancy	p. 37
Childhood Play and Games	p. 38
Socialization and the Schools	p. 40
Adult Socialization and the Aging Process	p. 41
Theoretical Perspectives on the Formation of Gender	p. 43
Identification Theory	p. 43
Social Learning Theory	p. 44
Cognitive-Developmental Theory	p. 45
Symbolic Interaction and "Doing Gender"	p. 46
Comparing Theoretical Perspectives	p. 47
Limitations of the Socialization Perspective	p. 48
Chapter Summary and Themes	p. 49
Key Terms	p. 51
Discussion Questions/Projects for Thought	p. 51
Internet Resources	p. 51
Suggested Readings	p. 52
3 Gender, Culture, and the Media: The Social Construction of Knowledge	p. 53
Gender, Language, and Popular Culture	p. 56
Gender and the Media	p. 59
Content Analysis and the Media	p. 59
Theories about the Media's Influence	p. 64
The Sociology of Knowledge	p. 68
Marx and the Social Construction of Knowledge	p. 69
Sexism as Ideology	p. 71
Chapter Summary and Themes	p. 72
Key Terms	p. 73
Discussion Questions/Projects for Thought	p. 73
Internet Resources	p. 73
Suggested Readings	p. 74
4 Sexuality and Intimate Relationships	p. 76
The Social Construction of Sexuality	p. 77
The History of Sexuality in the United States	p. 77
Contemporary Sexual Attitudes and Behavior	p. 79
Race, Sexuality, and Power	p. 84
Sexual Development over the Life Cycle	p. 85
Menstruation	p. 86
Menopause	p. 87
Love and Intimate Relationships	p. 88
Interracial Relationships	p. 92
Friendship	p. 93
Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Experiences	p. 95
Chapter Summary and Themes	p. 100
Key Terms	p. 101
Discussion Questions/Projects for Thought	p. 101
Internet Resources	p. 101
Suggested Readings	p. 102
Part III Gender and Social Institutions
5 Gender, Work, and the Economy	p. 104
Historical Perspectives on Women's Work	p. 105
The Family-Based Economy	p. 106
The Family-Wage Economy	p. 107
The Family-Consumer Economy	p. 109
Ideology and the History of Women's Work	p. 110
What Is Work?	p. 113
Economic Restructuring, Class, and Gender Stratification	p. 115
The Contemporary Status of Women	p. 119
Labor Force Participation	p. 119
Gender Segregation	p. 120
Earnings	p. 130
Promotions	p. 134
Poverty and Welfare	p. 136
Work Environments	p. 139
Tokenism	p. 139
Sexual Harassment	p. 141
Workplace Culture	p. 142
Intersections of Family and Work	p. 142
The Second Shift	p. 143
Housework and Care Work	p. 143
Policies for Gender Equity	p. 147
Chapter Summary and Themes	p. 149
Key Terms	p. 150
Discussion Questions/Projects for Thought	p. 150
Internet Resources	p. 151
Suggested Readings	p. 151
6 Gender and Families	p. 153
Historical Perspectives on Modern Families	p. 155
Feminist Perspectives on Families	p. 159
The Social Construction of Families	p. 159
Family Diversity	p. 161
The Influence of Class, Race, and Gender	p. 162
Linking Social Structure and Human Action	p. 163
The Family Ideal	p. 164
The Diversity of Contemporary Families	p. 165
Measuring Family Status	p. 166
Divorce	p. 167
Balancing Family and Work	p. 168
Cohabitation	p. 170
Gay and Lesbian Families	p. 171
Motherhood	p. 173
Fatherhood	p. 175
Race, Gender, and Families	p. 176
Families and Social Problems	p. 182
Family Violence	p. 182
Teen Pregnancy	p. 187
Child Care	p. 189
Chapter Summary and Themes	p. 193
Key Terms	p. 194
Discussion Questions/Projects for Thought	p. 194
Internet Resources	p. 195
Suggested Readings	p. 195
7 Women, Health, and Reproduction	p. 197
The Social Structure of Health	p. 200
Gender and Health	p. 200
Race, Class, and Health	p. 202
Reproduction and Protective Legislation	p. 203
Gender, Health, and Social Problems	p. 205
Gender and the Body: Weight, Food, and Body Image	p. 205
Substance Abuse: Alcohol, Drugs, and Smoking	p. 209
Women and AIDS	p. 212
Disability	p. 213
Health Insurance	p. 214
The Politics of Reproduction	p. 214
Birth Control	p. 215
Abortion	p. 217
Racism and Reproduction	p. 218
The Politics of Birth: Pregnancy and Childbirth	p. 219
New Reproductive Technologies	p. 225
Gender and the Health Care System	p. 226
Women as Health Care Workers	p. 226
The Women's Health Movement	p. 226
Chapter Summary and Themes	p. 228
Key Terms	p. 229
Discussion Questions/Projects for Thought	p. 229
Internet Resources	p. 229
Suggested Readings	p. 230
8 Women and Religion	p. 232
Sociological Perspectives on Religion	p. 234
Religion and Social Control	p. 235
Religion and the Emergence of Feminism in the United States	p. 237
Women and Religiosity	p. 240
Images of Women in Religion	p. 240
Religious Texts as Interpretive Documents	p. 240
Gender and Religious Beliefs	p. 242
Women's Status in Religious Institutions	p. 244
Gender and Religious Participation	p. 244
Women as Clergy	p. 246
Religion and Social Change	p. 247
Race, Religion and Social Justice	p. 248
Religion and Antifeminism	p. 249
Feminism and the Religious Right in the United States	p. 250
The Abortion Debate: A Conflict of World Views	p. 251
Faith, Feminism, and Spirituality	p. 252
Chapter Summary and Themes	p. 256
Key Terms	p. 256
Discussion Questions/Projects for Thought	p. 257
Internet Resources	p. 257
Suggested Readings	p. 257
9 Women, Crime, and Deviance	p. 259
Sociological Perspectives on Crime and Deviance	p. 260
Early Traditions	p. 261
Defining Deviance	p. 263
Labeling and Social Deviance	p. 264
Deviance, Power, and Social Conflict	p. 264
Feminist Perspectives on Deviance	p. 265
Women as Criminals	p. 267
The Extent of Criminality among Women	p. 267
Causes of Women's Crime	p. 269
Defining Crime	p. 271
Women as Victims of Crime	p. 271
Rape	p. 274
Causes of Rape	p. 276
Women in the Criminal Justice System	p. 279
Gender and the Courts	p. 279
Women and Prison	p. 280
Chapter Summary and Themes	p. 283
Key Terms	p. 283
Discussion Questions/Projects for Thought	p. 284
Internet Resources	p. 284
Suggested Readings	p. 284
10 Gender, Education, and Science	p. 286
Women and the History of Education	p. 288
Gender and Educational Success	p. 290
Gender and Schooling	p. 291
Academic Achievement: Is There a Gender Gap?	p. 295
Gender and the Curriculum	p. 297
Class and Race Inequality	p. 298
Women in Higher Education	p. 300
Gender, Science, and Society	p. 304
The Status of Women in Science	p. 304
Science, Feminism, and the Social Construction of Knowledge	p. 307
Chapter Summary and Themes	p. 312
Key Terms	p. 313
Discussion Questions/Projects for Thought	p. 313
Internet Resources	p. 313
Suggested Readings	p. 313
11 Women, Power, and Politics	p. 315
Defining Power	p. 317
Women and the State	p. 318
Women and the Law	p. 320
Women in Government	p. 323
The Gender Gap	p. 327
Do Women Make a Difference?	p. 327
Women and the Military	p. 328
Lesbians and Gays in the Military	p. 330
Feminism and Militarism	p. 331
Rethinking the Political	p. 331
The Women's Movement	p. 333
American Feminism in the Nineteenth Century	p. 334
The Emergence of the Contemporary Women's Movement	p. 337
Feminism and Civil Rights	p. 339
The Second Wave of Feminism	p. 340
Feminism for the Twenty-First Century: A Third Wave?	p. 342
Chapter Summary and Themes	p. 344
Key Terms	p. 345
Discussion Questions/ Projects for Thought	p. 345
Internet Resources	p. 346
Suggested Readings	p. 346
Part IV Gender and Social Change: Frameworks of Feminism
12 Women and Social Reform, Liberal Feminism	p. 348
Frameworks of Feminist Theory	p. 350
The Liberal Basis of Modern Feminism	p. 353
Liberalism as a Mode of Social Thought	p. 354
Early Liberal Feminists	p. 358
Mary Wollstonecraft	p. 358
Harriet Martineau	p. 360
John Stuart Mill and Hariet Taylor Mill	p. 362
The Critique of Liberal Feminism	p. 368
Chapter Summary and Themes	p. 370
Key Terms	p. 371
Discussion Questions/ Projects for Though	p. 371
Internet Resources	p. 372
Suggested Readings	p. 372
13 Contemporary Frameworks in Feminist Theory	p. 373
The Radical Origins of Feminist Theory: The Critique of Liberal Feminism	p. 374
Historical Roots of Radical Feminism	p. 375
Socialist Feminism: The Importance of Class and Capitalism	p. 377
Karl Marx and Historical Materialism	p. 377
Class and Capitalism	p. 379
Ideology and Consciousness	p. 380
The Woman Question	p. 382
The Socialist Feminist Critique of Marx	p. 383
Radical Feminism: The Power of Patriarchy	p. 386
The Sex/Gender System	p. 387
Sexuality and the State	p. 387
Intersections of Capitalism and Patriarchy	p. 388
Comparing Liberal, Socialist, and Radical Feminism	p. 389
Multiracial Feminism	p. 390
Postmodernist Feminism	p. 393
Queer Theory and Sexualities	p. 397
Continuing Questions for Feminist Theory	p. 399
Chapter Summary and Themes	p. 400
Key Terms	p. 401
Discussion Questions/ Projects for Thought	p. 401
Internet Resources	p. 402
Suggested Readings	p. 402

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