The nature and properties of soils
TITLE_DISPLAY:
The nature and properties of soils
個人著者:
出版資訊:
New York : Macmillan, [1974]
格式:
圖書
物理描述:
xvi, 639 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.
ISBN(国际标准书号):
9780023133503
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圖書館 | 資料類型 | 書架號 | 子計數 | 书架位置 | 狀態 | 館藏預約 |
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正在查詢... Science | Book | S 591 B79 1974 | 1 | Stacks | 正在查詢... 未知 | 正在查詢... 不可借閱 |
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摘要
摘要
The bible for Introductory Soils courses in agronomy and soil science programs. The book emphasizes soils as part of Geosystem. It offers new and expanded coverage of forests, landscapes, urban ecology, arid soils, irrigation, food and fiber. New vignettes and chapter-end questions. It also includes an expanded art program--the most visually up-to-date and illustrated soils book.
目錄
Preface | p. xv |
1 The Soils Around Us | p. 1 |
1.1 Functions of Soils in Our Ecosystem | p. 2 |
1.2 Medium for Plant Growth | p. 3 |
1.3 Regulator of Water Supplies | p. 6 |
1.4 Recycler of Raw Materials | p. 7 |
1.5 Habitat for Soil Organisms | p. 7 |
1.6 Engineering Medium | p. 8 |
1.7 Soil as Environmental Interface | p. 9 |
1.8 Soil as a Natural Body | p. 10 |
1.9 The Soil Profile and Its Layers (Horizons) | p. 11 |
1.10 Topsoil and Subsoil | p. 15 |
1.11 Soil: The Interface of Air, Minerals, Water, and Life | p. 17 |
1.12 Mineral (Inorganic) Constituents of Soils | p. 18 |
1.13 Soil Organic Matter | p. 20 |
1.14 Soil Water: A Dynamic Solution | p. 21 |
1.15 Soil Air: A Changing Mixture of Gases | p. 23 |
1.16 Interaction of Four Components to Supply Plant Nutrients | p. 24 |
1.17 Nutrient Uptake by Plant Roots | p. 26 |
1.18 Soil Quality, Degradation, and Resilience | p. 27 |
1.19 Conclusion | p. 29 |
Study Questions | p. 29 |
References | p. 30 |
2 Formation of Soils from Parent Materials | p. 31 |
2.1 Weathering of Rocks and Minerals | p. 31 |
2.2 Physical Weathering (Disintegration) | p. 36 |
2.3 Biogeochemical Weathering | p. 36 |
2.4 Factors Influencing Soil Formation | p. 39 |
2.5 Parent Materials | p. 40 |
2.6 Residual Parent Material | p. 42 |
2.7 Colluvial Debris | p. 42 |
2.8 Alluvial Stream Deposits | p. 42 |
2.9 Marine Sediments | p. 45 |
2.10 Parent Materials Transported by Glacial Ice and Meltwaters | p. 46 |
2.11 Parent Materials Transported by Wind | p. 49 |
2.12 Organic Deposits | p. 52 |
2.13 Climate | p. 54 |
2.14 Biota: Living Organisms | p. 54 |
2.15 Topography | p. 61 |
2.16 Time | p. 62 |
2.17 Four Basic Processes of Soil Formation | p. 64 |
2.18 The Soil Profile | p. 69 |
2.19 Conclusion | p. 73 |
Study Questions | p. 73 |
References | p. 74 |
3 Soil Classification | p. 75 |
3.1 Concept of Individual Soils | p. 76 |
3.2 Comprehensive Classification System: Soil Taxonomy | p. 79 |
3.3 Categories and Nomenclature of Soil Taxonomy | p. 84 |
3.4 Soil Orders | p. 86 |
3.5 Entisols (Recent: Little If Any Profile Development) | p. 88 |
3.6 Inceptisols (Few Diagnostic Features: Inception of B Horizon) | p. 92 |
3.7 Andisols (Volcanic Ash Soils) | p. 93 |
3.8 Gelisols (Permafrost and Frost Churning) | p. 94 |
3.9 Histisols (Organic Soils without Permafrost) | p. 96 |
3.10 Aridisols (Dry Soils) | p. 98 |
3.11 Vertisols (Dark, Swelling and Cracking Clays) | p. 100 |
3.12 Mollisols (Dark, Soft Soils of Grasslands) | p. 103 |
3.13 Alfisols (Argillic or Natric Horizon, Medium to High Bases) | p. 105 |
3.14 Ultisols (Argillic Horizon, Low Bases) | p. 107 |
3.15 Spodosols (Acid, Sandy, Forest Soils, Low Bases) | p. 109 |
3.16 Oxisols (Oxic Horizon, Highly Weathered) | p. 110 |
3.17 Lower-Level Categories in Soil Taxonomy | p. 111 |
3.18 Conclusion | p. 118 |
Study Questions | p. 119 |
References | p. 119 |
4 Soil Architecture and Physical Properties | p. 121 |
4.1 Soil Color | p. 122 |
4.2 Soil Texture (Size Distribution of Soil Particles) | p. 123 |
4.3 Soil Textural Classes | p. 127 |
4.4 Structure of Mineral Soils | p. 133 |
4.5 Soil Density | p. 136 |
4.6 Pore Space of Mineral Soils | p. 147 |
4.7 Formation and Stabilization of Soil Aggregates | p. 152 |
4.8 Tillage and Structural Management of Soils | p. 160 |
4.9 Soil Properties Relevant to Engineering Uses | p. 165 |
4.10 Conclusion | p. 172 |
Study Questions | p. 173 |
References | p. 174 |
5 Soil Water: Characteristics and Behavior | p. 176 |
5.1 Structure and Related Properties of Water | p. 177 |
5.2 Capillary Fundamentals and Soil Water | p. 180 |
5.3 Soil Water Energy Concepts | p. 183 |
5.4 Soil Water Content and Soil Water Potential | p. 187 |
5.5 The Flow of Liquid Water in Soil | p. 195 |
5.6 Infiltration and Percolation | p. 200 |
5.7 Water Vapor Movement in Soils | p. 204 |
5.8 Qualitative Description of Soil Wetness | p. 205 |
5.9 Factors Affecting Amount of Plant-Available Soil Water | p. 210 |
5.10 Mechanisms by Which Plants Are Supplied with Water | p. 213 |
5.11 Conclusion | p. 215 |
Study Questions | p. 216 |
References | p. 217 |
6 Soil and the Hydrologic Cycle | p. 219 |
6.1 The Global Hydrologic Cycle | p. 220 |
6.2 Fate of Precipitation and Irrigation Water | p. 222 |
6.3 The Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum | p. 228 |
6.4 Efficiency of Water Use | p. 233 |
6.5 Control of Evapotranspiration (ET) | p. 235 |
6.6 Control of Surface Evaporation (E) | p. 236 |
6.7 Liquid Losses of Water from the Soil | p. 240 |
6.8 Percolation and Groundwaters | p. 243 |
6.9 Enhancing Soil Drainage | p. 247 |
6.10 Septic Tank Drain Fields | p. 258 |
6.11 Irrigation Principles and Practices | p. 261 |
6.12 Conclusion | p. 269 |
Study Questions | p. 270 |
References | p. 271 |
7 Soil Aeration and Temperature | p. 272 |
7.1 Soil Aeration--The Process | p. 273 |
7.2 Means of Characterizing Soil Aeration | p. 274 |
7.3 Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Potential | p. 277 |
7.4 Factors Affecting Soil Aeration | p. 280 |
7.5 Ecological Effects of Soil Aeration | p. 283 |
7.6 Aeration in Relation to Soil and Plant Management | p. 286 |
7.7 Wetlands and Their Poorly Aerated Soils | p. 287 |
7.8 Processes Affected by Soil Temperature | p. 294 |
7.9 Absorption and Loss of Solar Energy | p. 301 |
7.10 Thermal Properties of Soils | p. 305 |
7.11 Soil Temperature Control | p. 309 |
7.12 Conclusion | p. 313 |
Study Questions | p. 313 |
References | p. 314 |
8 Soil Colloids: Seat of Soil Chemical and Physical Activity | p. 316 |
8.1 General Properties and Types of Soil Colloids | p. 317 |
8.2 Fundamentals of Layer Silicate Clay Structure | p. 321 |
8.3 Mineralogical Organization of Silicate Clays | p. 324 |
8.4 Structural Characteristics of Nonsilicate Colloids | p. 329 |
8.5 Genesis and Geographic Distribution of Soil Colloids | p. 333 |
8.6 Sources of Charges on Soil Colloids | p. 336 |
8.7 Adsorption of Cations and Anions | p. 339 |
8.8 Cation Exchange Reactions | p. 341 |
8.9 Cation Exchange Capacity | p. 345 |
8.10 Exchangeable Cations in Field Soil | p. 349 |
8.11 Anion Exchange | p. 352 |
8.12 Sorption of Pesticides and Groundwater Contamination | p. 354 |
8.13 Binding of Biomolecules to Clay and Humus | p. 355 |
8.14 Physical Implications of Swelling-Type Clays | p. 357 |
8.15 Environmental Uses of Swelling-Type Clays | p. 358 |
8.16 Conclusion | p. 359 |
Study Questions | p. 360 |
References | p. 361 |
9 Soil Acidity | p. 363 |
9.1 The Process of Soil Acidification | p. 364 |
9.2 Role of Aluminum in Soil Acidity | p. 369 |
9.3 Pools of Soil Acidity | p. 369 |
9.4 Buffering of pH in Soils | p. 374 |
9.5 Determination of Soil pH | p. 377 |
9.6 Human-Influenced Soil Acidification | p. 380 |
9.7 Biological Effects of Soil pH | p. 387 |
9.8 Raising Soil pH by Liming | p. 394 |
9.9 Alternative Ways to Ameliorate the III Effects of Soil Acidity | p. 400 |
9.10 Lowering Soil pH | p. 403 |
9.11 Calcium and Magnesium as Plant Nutrients | p. 404 |
9.12 Conclusion | p. 408 |
Study Questions | p. 409 |
References | p. 410 |
10 Soils of Dry Regions: Alkalinity, Salinity, and Sodicity | p. 412 |
10.1 Causes of Alkalinity: High Soil pH | p. 413 |
10.2 Characteristics and Problems of Alkaline Soils | p. 415 |
10.3 Development of Salt-Affected Soils | p. 419 |
10.4 Measuring Salinity and Sodicity | p. 422 |
10.5 Classes of Salt-Affected Soils | p. 426 |
10.6 Growth of Plants on Salt-Affected Soils | p. 430 |
10.7 Water-Quality Considerations for Irrigation | p. 434 |
10.8 Reclamation of Saline Soils | p. 436 |
10.9 Reclamation of Saline-Sodic and Sodic Soils | p. 441 |
10.10 Management of Reclaimed Soils | p. 445 |
10.11 Conclusion | p. 445 |
Study Questions | p. 446 |
References | p. 447 |
11 Organisms and Ecology of the Soil | p. 449 |
11.1 The Diversity of Organisms in the Soil | p. 450 |
11.2 Organisms in Action | p. 452 |
11.3 Organism Abundance, Biomass, and Metabolic Activity | p. 457 |
11.4 Earthworms | p. 459 |
11.5 Ants and Termites | p. 463 |
11.6 Soil Microanimals | p. 466 |
11.7 Roots of Higher Plants | p. 470 |
11.8 Soil Algae | p. 473 |
11.9 Soil Fungi | p. 473 |
11.10 Soil Bacteria | p. 481 |
11.11 Soil Actinomycetes | p. 482 |
11.12 Conditions Affecting the Growth of Soil Microorganisms | p. 483 |
11.13 Beneficial Effects of Soil Organisms | p. 484 |
11.14 Soil Organisms and Damage to Higher Plants | p. 487 |
11.15 Ecological Relationships Among Soil Organisms | p. 490 |
11.16 Genetically Engineered Microorganisms | p. 493 |
11.17 Conclusion | p. 495 |
Study Questions | p. 495 |
References | p. 495 |
12 Soil Organic Matter | p. 498 |
12.1 The Global Carbon Cycle | p. 498 |
12.2 The Process of Decomposition in Soils | p. 501 |
12.3 Factors Controlling Rates of Decomposition and Mineralization | p. 505 |
12.4 Humus: Genesis and Nature | p. 512 |
12.5 Composts and Composting | p. 515 |
12.6 Direct Influences of Organic Matter on Plant Growth | p. 518 |
12.7 Influence of Organic Matter on Soil Properties and the Environment | p. 519 |
12.8 Management of Amount and Quality of Soil Organic Matter | p. 521 |
12.9 Carbon Balance in the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere System | p. 524 |
12.10 Factors and Practices Influencing Soil Organic Matter Levels | p. 526 |
12.11 Soils and the Greenhouse Effect | p. 533 |
12.12 Organic Soils (Histosols) | p. 537 |
12.13 Conclusion | p. 539 |
Study Questions | p. 540 |
References | p. 541 |
13 Nitrogen and Sulfur Economy of Soils | p. 543 |
13.1 Influence of Nitrogen on Plant Growth and Development | p. 544 |
13.2 Origin and Distribution of Nitrogen | p. 546 |
13.3 The Nitrogen Cycle | p. 546 |
13.4 Immobilization and Mineralization | p. 546 |
13.5 Soluble Organic Nitrogen | p. 549 |
13.6 Ammonium Fixation by Clay Minerals | p. 550 |
13.7 Ammonia Volatilization | p. 551 |
13.8 Nitrification | p. 552 |
13.9 The Nitrate Leaching Problem | p. 553 |
13.10 Gaseous Losses by Denitrification | p. 559 |
13.11 Biological Nitrogen Fixation | p. 564 |
13.12 Symbiotic Fixation with Legumes | p. 566 |
13.13 Symbiotic Fixation with Nonlegumes | p. 570 |
13.14 Nonsymbiotic Nitrogen Fixation | p. 572 |
13.15 Addition of Nitrogen to Soil in Precipitation | p. 572 |
13.16 Reactions of Nitrogen Fertilizers | p. 573 |
13.17 Practical Management of Soil Nitrogen in Agriculture | p. 574 |
13.18 Importance of Sulfur | p. 575 |
13.19 Natural Sources of Sulfur | p. 578 |
13.20 The Sulfur Cycle | p. 581 |
13.21 Behavior of Sulfur Compounds in Soils | p. 583 |
13.22 Sulfur Oxidation and Reduction | p. 584 |
13.23 Sulfur Retention and Exchange | p. 586 |
13.24 Sulfur and Soil Fertility Maintenance | p. 587 |
13.25 Conclusion | p. 589 |
Study Questions | p. 589 |
References | p. 590 |
14 Soil Phosphorus and Potassium | p. 592 |
14.1 Role of Phosphorus in Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility | p. 593 |
14.2 Effects of Phosphorus on Environmental Quality | p. 595 |
14.3 The Phosphorus Cycle | p. 601 |
14.4 Organic Phosphorus in Soils | p. 604 |
14.5 Inorganic Phosphorus in Soils | p. 606 |
14.6 Solubility of Inorganic Phosphorus in Acid Soils | p. 609 |
14.7 Inorganic Phosphorus Availability at High pH Values | p. 612 |
14.8 Phosphorus-Fixation Capacity of Soils | p. 613 |
14.9 Plant Genetics and Phosphorus Availability | p. 618 |
14.10 Practical Control of Phosphorus in Soils | p. 619 |
14.11 Potassium: Nature and Ecological Roles | p. 621 |
14.12 Potassium in Plant and Animal Nutrition | p. 622 |
14.13 The Potassium Cycle | p. 623 |
14.14 The Potassium Problem in Soil Fertility | p. 627 |
14.15 Forms and Availability of Potassium in Soils | p. 629 |
14.16 Factors Affecting Potassium Fixation in Soils | p. 631 |
14.17 Practical Aspects of Potassium Management | p. 633 |
14.18 Conclusion | p. 634 |
Study Questions | p. 635 |
References | p. 635 |
15 Micronutrients and Other Trace Elements | p. 638 |
15.1 Deficiency Versus Toxicity | p. 639 |
15.2 Role of the Micronutrients | p. 640 |
15.3 Source of Micronutrients | p. 642 |
15.4 General Conditions Conducive to Trace Element Deficiency/Toxicity | p. 644 |
15.5 Factors Influencing the Availability of the Trace Element Cations | p. 646 |
15.6 Organic Compounds as Chelates | p. 651 |
15.7 Factors Influencing the Availability of the Trace Element Anions | p. 654 |
15.8 Need for Nutrient Balance | p. 660 |
15.9 Trace Element Cleanup and Metal Hyperaccumulators | p. 662 |
15.10 Soil Management and Micronutrient Needs | p. 662 |
15.11 Conclusion | p. 666 |
Study Questions | p. 667 |
References | p. 667 |
16 Practical Nutrient Management | p. 669 |
16.1 Goals of Nutrient Management | p. 670 |
16.2 Environmental Quality | p. 673 |
16.3 Nutrient Resources and Cycles | p. 684 |
16.4 Recycling Nutrients through Animal Manures | p. 690 |
16.5 Industrial and Municipal By-Products | p. 696 |
16.6 Practical Utilization of Organic Nutrient Sources | p. 701 |
16.7 Inorganic Commercial Fertilizers | p. 703 |
16.8 Fertilizer Application Methods | p. 710 |
16.9 Timing of Fertilizer Application | p. 715 |
16.10 Diagnostic Tools and Methods | p. 716 |
16.11 Soil Analysis | p. 720 |
16.12 Site-Specific Nutrient Management | p. 725 |
16.13 Site-Index Approach to Phosphorus Management | p. 727 |
16.14 Broader Aspects of Fertilizer Practice | p. 733 |
16.15 Conclusion | p. 736 |
Study Questions | p. 736 |
References | p. 737 |
17 Soil Erosion and Its Control | p. 740 |
17.1 Significance of Soil Erosion and Land Degradation | p. 741 |
17.2 On-Site and Off-Site Effects of Accelerated Soil Erosion | p. 745 |
17.3 Mechanics of Water Erosion | p. 750 |
17.4 Models to Predict the Extent of Water-Induced Erosion | p. 753 |
17.5 Factors Affecting Interrill and Rill Erosion | p. 754 |
17.6 Conservation Tillage | p. 763 |
17.7 Vegetative Barriers | p. 768 |
17.8 Control of Gully Erosion and Mass Wasting | p. 770 |
17.9 Control of Accelerated Erosion on Range and Forest Land | p. 772 |
17.10 Erosion and Sediment Control on Construction Sites | p. 775 |
17.11 Wind Erosion: Importance and Factors Affecting It | p. 779 |
17.12 Predicting and Controlling Wind Erosion | p. 783 |
17.13 Land Capability Classification as a Guide to Conservation | p. 787 |
17.14 Progress in Soil Conservation | p. 789 |
17.15 Real Value of Soil Conservation | p. 792 |
17.16 Conclusion | p. 793 |
Study Questions | p. 793 |
References | p. 794 |
18 Soils and Chemical Pollution | p. 796 |
18.1 Toxic Organic Chemicals | p. 797 |
18.2 Kinds of Organic Contaminants | p. 800 |
18.3 Behavior of Organic Chemicals in Soil | p. 801 |
18.4 Effects of Pesticides on Soil Organisms | p. 808 |
18.5 Remediation of Soils Contaminated with Organic Chemicals | p. 810 |
18.6 Contamination with Toxic Inorganic Substances | p. 818 |
18.7 Potential Hazards of Chemicals in Sewage Sludge | p. 821 |
18.8 Reactions of Inorganic Contaminants in Soils | p. 823 |
18.9 Prevention and Elimination of Inorganic Chemical Contamination | p. 825 |
18.10 Landfills | p. 827 |
18.11 Radionuclides in Soil | p. 832 |
18.12 Radon Gas from Soils | p. 834 |
18.13 Conclusion | p. 837 |
Study Questions | p. 837 |
References | p. 837 |
19 Geographic Soils Information | p. 840 |
19.1 Soil Spatial Variability in the Field | p. 840 |
19.2 Techniques and Tools for Mapping Soils | p. 845 |
19.3 Modern Technology for Soil Investigations | p. 849 |
19.4 Remote Sensing Tools for Soils Investigations | p. 850 |
19.5 Air Photos | p. 852 |
19.6 Satellite Imagery | p. 856 |
19.7 Soil Surveys | p. 859 |
19.8 The County Soil Survey Report and Its Utilization | p. 861 |
19.9 Geographic Information Systems | p. 863 |
19.10 GIS, GPS, and Site-Specific Agriculture | p. 866 |
19.11 Conclusion | p. 869 |
Study Questions | p. 869 |
References | p. 869 |
20 Global Soil Quality as Affected by Human Activities | p. 871 |
20.1 The Concept of Soil Quality/Soil Health | p. 872 |
20.2 Soil Resistance and Resilience | p. 876 |
20.3 Sustaining Biological Productivity | p. 877 |
20.4 The Population Explosion | p. 878 |
20.5 Intensified Agroecosystems--The Green Revolution | p. 879 |
20.6 Effects of Intensified Agroecosystems on Soil Quality or Health | p. 880 |
20.7 Forced Production Intensification | p. 884 |
20.8 Prospects for the Future | p. 887 |
20.9 Modified Intensive Agroecosystems | p. 890 |
20.10 Improving Low-Yielding Agricultural Systems | p. 893 |
20.11 Improving Soil Quality in sub-Saharan Africa | p. 893 |
20.12 Improving Soil Quality in Asia and Latin America | p. 899 |
20.13 Conclusion | p. 900 |
Study Questions | p. 900 |
References | p. 901 |
Appendix A Canadian and FAO Soil Classification Systems | p. 903 |
Appendix B SI Units, Conversion Factors, and Periodic Table of the Elements | p. 907 |
Glossary | p. 911 |
Index | p. 937 |
Macmillan,
圖書
Brady, Nyle C.
Brady, Nyle C.
Buckman, Harry Oliver, 1883- Nature and properties of soils.
1974
9780023133503
New York : Macmillan, [1974]
8th ed.
SD_ILS:646665
S 591 B79 1974
The nature and properties of soils
The nature and properties of soils
The nature and properties of soils
Nature and properties of soils.
The nature and properties of soils
Brady, Nyle C.
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