War and gender : how gender shapes the war system and vice versa

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Gender roles are nowhere more prominent than in war, yet our understanding of the relationship between gender and war is confused. Joshua Goldstein analyzes the near-total exclusion of women from combat forces, through history and across cultures. He concludes that killing in war does not come naturally for either gender, and that gender norms often mold men, women, and children to the needs of the war system.

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The war between the sexes is not so different from war itself, according to this provocative and disturbing study of how gender is inextricably embedded into human conceptions of war and aggression. Pointing to consistent, cross-cultural gender arrangements throughout history most fighting soldiers have been male; patriarchies have traditionally used the ideal of the vulnerable female to encourage male violence during war Goldstein (Three Way Street) has amassed a huge array of research, literature and anecdote in this comprehensive, cohesive overview of dozens of subtopics, from myths of Amazon warriors to changes in the design and marketing of GI Joe dolls over the decades. He astutely evaluates studies of the effects of childhood sex segregation, drawing disconcerting conclusions that it prepares and preconditions children for adult wartime behavior. His analysis of female military imagery and women's frequent participation in revolutionary movements is imaginative and convincing: "The image of a woman holding a rifle and a baby is found in liberation movements across the third world." At times it seems like Goldstein, professor of international relations at the American University in Washington, D.C., has bitten off more than anyone could chew in a single volume. His inquiry into wartime rape and the feminization of the male enemy relies too heavily on Richard C. Trexler's fascinating but flawed Sex and Conquest, and his worthwhile critical use of Lionel Tiger's classic Men in Groups falls short of grappling with the book's problems. But overall, he has produced a remarkable compendium of information and analysis that moves toward a vital, ongoing cultural discussion. Photos and illus. (Oct. 17) (c) Copyright PWxyz, LLC. All rights reserved

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In recent years, scholars in multiple disciplines have attempted to understand the relationship between war and gender. Acknowledging that women have always participated in warfare to some degree, war is nevertheless men's domain. Goldstein (international relations, American Univ.) attempts to explain why the diversity disappears when war and gender are connected by using a vast array of scholarship in biology, sociology, anthropology, criminology, and psychology to determine whether explanations can be found in individual and social bodies, genetics, hormones, biochemical pathways, or brain function and cognition. The author concludes that none of these fully explains "gender as an absolute division in war." By adding cultural constructions of male and female identities to the mix, he arrives at a more satisfactory answer: that what "had been only a potential in biology, becomes a mandate in culture." The exhaustive and careful consideration of secondary literature and the clear summary of major debates about the causes of human aggression and the nature of warfare make this book interesting and useful to students and scholars from multiple disciplines, as well as to general audiences. M. J. Slaughter University of New Mexico

List of figures	p. ix
List of tables	p. xii
Preface	p. xiii
1 A puzzle: the cross-cultural consistency of gender roles in war	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
A. The universal gendering of war	p. 10
B. The universal potential for war	p. 22
C. Feminist theories of war and peace	p. 34
Conclusion	p. 57
2 Women warriors: the historical record of female combatants	p. 59
Introduction	p. 59
A. Female combat units	p. 60
B. Mixed-gender units	p. 77
C. Individual women fighters	p. 106
D. Women military leaders	p. 116
Conclusion	p. 127
3 Bodies: the biology of individual gender	p. 128
Introduction	p. 128
A. Genetics	p. 139
B. Testosterone levels	p. 143
C. Size and strength	p. 159
D. Brains and cognition	p. 169
E. Female sex hormones	p. 179
Conclusion	p. 182
4 Groups: bonding, hierarchy, and social identity	p. 183
Introduction	p. 183
A. Male bonding	p. 194
B. Ability to work in hierarchies	p. 203
C. In-group/out-group psychology	p. 217
D. Childhood gender segregation	p. 228
Conclusion	p. 249
5 Heroes: the making of militarized masculinity	p. 251
Introduction	p. 251
A. Test of manhood as a motivation to fight	p. 252
B. Feminine reinforcement of soliders' masculinity	p. 301
C. Women's peace activism	p. 322
Conclusion	p. 331
6 Conquests: sex, rape, and exploitation in wartime	p. 332
Introduction	p. 332
A. Male sexuality as a cause of aggression	p. 333
B. Feminization of enemies as symbolic domination	p. 356
C. Dependence on exploiting women's labor	p. 380
Conclusion	p. 402
7 Reflections: the mutuality of gender and war	p. 403
References	p. 415
Index	p. 481

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