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摘要
摘要
The recent announcement that Google will digitize the holdings of several major libraries sent shock waves through the book industry and academe. Google presented this digital repository as a first step towards a long-dreamed-of universal library, but skeptics were quick to raise a number of concerns about the potential for copyright infringement and unanticipated effects on the business of research and publishing.
Jean-Noël Jeanneney, president of France's Bibliothèque Nationale, here takes aim at what he sees as a far more troubling aspect of Google's Library Project: its potential to misrepresent--and even damage--the world's cultural heritage. In this impassioned work, Jeanneney argues that Google's unsystematic digitization of books from a few partner libraries and its reliance on works written mostly in English constitute acts of selection that can only extend the dominance of American culture abroad. This danger is made evident by a Google book search the author discusses here--one run on Hugo, Cervantes, Dante, and Goethe that resulted in just one non-English edition, and a German translation of Hugo at that. An archive that can so easily slight the masters of European literature--and whose development is driven by commercial interests--cannot provide the foundation for a universal library.
As a leading librarian, Jeanneney remains enthusiastic about the archival potential of the Web. But he argues that the short-term thinking characterized by Google's digital repository must be countered by long-term planning on the part of cultural and governmental institutions worldwide--a serious effort to create a truly comprehensive library, one based on the politics of inclusion and multiculturalism.
评论 (2)
《书目》(Booklist)书评
From Europe's point of view, Google's proposal to digitize the contents of America's leading libraries raises questions beyond the copyright issues that presently beleaguer the project. This brief salvo from the president of France's Bibliotheque Nationale challenges directly Google's assertion that its venture offers a source of universal knowledge. Jeanneney finds such a claim spurious and utopian. For by the very nature of the library collections that Google proposes to put online, American and British works will dominate, leaving behind that portion of the world's hundred million books not in English. Moreover, the character of digital search engines necessarily ranks results according to algorithms that reflect prejudices that lack universal validity. This quarrel is at least as ancient within librarianship as card catalogs. Jeanneney believes that Google's retrievals as presently constituted pass to the reader the merely noetic, not truly the intelligent, insightful, thoughtful, and genuinely helpful information implied by the notion of universal knowledge. Google's commercial status also troubles Jeanneney, for the commoditization of information by a single corporation inevitably subjects it to sale and to control by a less-benign owner. --Mark Knoblauch Copyright 2006 Booklist
《图书馆杂志》(Library Journal )书评
In this brief tract, part reasoned manifesto, part rant, the president of France's Bibliotheque nationale (national library) amplifies his concerns with Google's ambitious plan to scan the book collections of six major university libraries (including the entire contents of the University of Michigan library) into a keyword-searchable online index. Jeanneney makes several excellent points concerning Google's unsettling, ubiquitous presence and the digitize-first/ask-questions-later imperfection of its plans, albeit criticism heard quite frequently among librarians in the United States. His main concern, however, is that as an American venture, the pending digital avalanche (what he calls "a disorganized bulk") of openly accessible American and Anglo-Saxon literature threatens to bury European culture and language. Part of his response is undeniably positive, such as urging along a European digital initiative. But a great many of his observations and concerns are overblown, and some of his Francophone perceptions of American culture are almost comical, making the book feel, even at a slim 92 pages, somewhat overwritten. Still, its European perspective is undeniably useful when considering the long-term effects of all digitization efforts, not just Google's.-Andrew Albanese, Library Journal (c) Copyright 2010. Library Journals LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Media Source, Inc. No redistribution permitted.
目录
Foreword | p. vii |
Acknowledgments | |
Introduction | |
A Resounding Announcement | |
A Healthy Jolt | |
Brush Fire | |
Europe on the March | |
Meanwhile, in the United States | |
The Lines Are Drawn | |
Realism and Promptness | |
1 Remarkable Progress | |
A Positive Outlook | |
The Book Will Survive | |
The Need for Librarians and Booksellers | |
2 At the Mercy of the Market | |
The "Invisible Hand" | |
Film and Audiovisuals | |
Overwhelming Advertising | |
3 Hyperpower | |
India, China, the Arab World, Africa | |
Europe--the Courage to Be Different | |
What "Gondola End"? | |
4 The Difficulties of a Response | |
Cooperatives: Strengths and Limitations | |
Public Money | |
Image Mode, Text Mode, Metadata | |
5 One European Search Engine--or Several? | |
The Loftiest Aspiration | |
Google Is Not Immortal | |
Longevity as an Obsession | |
6 Organizing Knowledge | |
The Harvest and the Display | |
Disorganized Bulk--an Absolute Danger | |
Transparency, Flexibility, and Rigor | |
7 A Cultural Project, an Industrial Project | |
Two Facets of the Same Aspiration | |
Publishers Are Essential | |
What Structure? What Budget? | |
Conclusion A Broader Perspective Translator's | |
Afterword |