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摘要
A burning mix of diesel fuel and gasoline drips from handheld canisters onto the ground. Slowly a line of fire begins to creep downhill. The flames are well behaved, almost hesitant. This is a backing fire, unlikely to attract media attention unless it escapes, like the disastrous Los Alamos Cerro Grande fire did in 2000. This book explores a century of controversy over prescribed burning--using fire as a tool--and fire suppression. For more than 100 years, America waged an all-out war against wildland fire. Decades of fire suppression caused fuels to build up at alarming levels in our forests, culminating in the increasingly severe, uncontrollable fires of the late 20th century--the fires in Yellowstone, the Oakland Hills, and Los Alamos and the fires in summers of 2000 (the second worst fire season in the nation's history) and 2001.
Looking at these and earlier fires, Carle uses the voices of those who were involved, of those who were early advocates, and of today's proponents to examine the role of controlled burning. Early in the century, Harold Biswell, a pioneer in prescribed burning, dared to commit the heresy of questioning the dogma of fire suppression, despite professional controversy and opprobrium, he and a few other pioneers led the way. Their roles play an integral part in the story told here. In Biswell's words, fire is a natural part of the environment, about as important as rain and sunshine... . We must work more in harmony with nature, not so much against it. Can humanity, this book asks, learn to become a fire-adapted species?
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In light of the substantial resource and property losses from the Western wildland fires of 2002 and the subsequent public controversy on reasons for their exceptional intensity, Carle, a former park ranger, offers a timely contribution focusing on past and present national wildland fire management policies. He explores a century of debates on the role of fire in natural ecosystems in which advocates for the use of prescribed fire to reduce fuel accumulations challenge dogma of fire suppression. The pioneering prescribed fire research of individuals--such as Harold Biswell, Harold Weaver, Edward Komarek, and Bruce Kilgore--in the mid-decades of the past century and the intense professional and public opposition to their call for controlled wildland ignitions are highlighted. Using quotes, citations, and reference notes, Carle offers a perceptive and informative discussion of this compelling ecological and natural resource management issue. The book provides an excellent background for understanding the continuing fire suppression versus prescribed burning dialogue and why current wildland fire issues are drawing national attention. Recommended for all readership levels and especially for scientists, resource managers, ecologists, and environmentalists. M. J. Zwolinski University of Arizona
目录
Acknowledgments | p. ix |
Introduction: America's Hundred Years War on Wildfire | p. 1 |
Part I Questioning the Dogma of War | p. 9 |
1. "Professional" Versus "Indian Forestry" | p. 11 |
2. Burning the Southern Woods | p. 37 |
3. Harolds of Change | p. 57 |
4. Only You | p. 81 |
5. Harry the Torch | p. 97 |
Part II Who Were the Anti-War Activists of the 1960s and 1970s? | p. 115 |
6. Tall Timbers | p. 117 |
7. Dog-Hair Thickets in the National Parks | p. 133 |
8. Burning California State Parks | p. 155 |
9. National Fire Management | p. 175 |
Part III To Burn or Not to Burn Is Not the Question | p. 189 |
10. Yellowstone, 1988 | p. 191 |
11. On the Edge | p. 209 |
12. Escape! | p. 225 |
13. Peaceful Coexistence | p. 247 |
Selected Bibliography | p. 263 |
Index | p. 281 |