Oil spill risk management : modeling Gulf of Mexico circulation and oil dispersal

This book is designed to help scientifically astute non-specialists understand basic geophysical and computational fluid dynamics concepts relating to oil spill simulations, and related modeling issues and challenges. A valuable asset to the engineer or manager working off-shore in the oil and gas industry, the authors, a team of renowned geologists and engineers, offer practical applications to mitigate any offshore spill risks, using research never before published.

Preface	p. xiii
Part 1 Applied Oil Spill Modeling (with applications to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill)	p. 1
1 The 2010 Deep Water Horizon and 2002 Supertanker Prestige Accidents	p. 3
1.1 Introduction	p. 3
1.2 The Oil Spills Described	p. 5
1.3 How Much Material Remains in the Gulf?	p. 6
1.4 The Role of Ocean Models to Explain what Happened	p. 7
References	p. 8
2 Gulf of Mexico Circulation	p. 9
2.1 General Characteristics	p. 9
2.2 Exchanges at Lateral and Surface Boundaries	p. 11
2.3 Loop Current Eddies	p. 12
2.4 Blocking by the Pycnocline	p. 13
2.5 Fate of the Deepwater Horizon Well Blowout Material	p. 14
2.6 Summary	p. 15
References	p. 16
3 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics and Modeling Challenges	p. 17
3.1 Modeling the Circulation and Mixing of the Gulf Waters	p. 17
3.2 External Boundaries	p. 18
3.3 Addressing the Water Column Contamination and Fluxes	p. 18
3.4 Effects of Bottom Dynamics on Accumulated Hydrocarbons	p. 20
3.5 Churning by Extreme Weather Events	p. 20
3.6 Summary	p. 21
References	p. 22
4 Flow and Oil Transport Model Choices, Setup and Testing	p. 23
4.1 The DieCAST Ocean Circulation Model	p. 23
4.2 Korotenko Oil Transport Module KOTM	p. 24
4.3 Gulf Modeling Approach	p. 25
4.4 Model Vertical Eddy Viscosity and Diffusivity	p. 25
4.5 Surface Wind Driving and Open Boundary Conditions	p. 26
4.6 Comments on Modeling Equatorial Dynamics and the Gulf of Mexico	p. 26
4.7 Modeling Multi-Century Gulf Currents	p. 27
References	p. 29
5 Modeling the 2010 DWH Oil Spill	p. 31
5.1 Introduction: the BP/Deepwater Horizon Accident	p. 31
5.2 Deep water Blowouts: Processes Affecting the Transport and Fate of Oil throughout the Water Column	p. 32
5.2.1 Crude Oil Composition	p. 33
5.2.2 Characteristics of Macondo crude oil	p. 36
5.2.3 Subsea Oil Plumes	p. 40
5.2.4 Surface oil slicks	p. 44
5.3 Oil Spill Model for Gulf of Mexico (GOSM)	p. 57
5.3.1 Circulation sub-model for the Gulf of Mexico	p. 58
5.3.2 Description of the GOSM	p. 59
5.3.3 Wind and Wave Forcing	p. 62
5.3.4 GOSM Setup	p. 64
5.4 Results and Discussion	p. 68
5.4.1 Modeling the GoM Circulation	p. 69
5.4.2 Trajectory Modeling	p. 73
5.4.3 Ensemble Modeling	p. 77
5.5 Summary	p. 82
References	p. 86
Part 2 Special Topics in Oil Spill Modeling	p. 95
6 DieCAST Model Origin and Development	p. 97
6.1 Introduction	p. 97
6.2 Recent Model Attributes	p. 98
6.3 Challenges in Modeling the Gulf of Mexico Circulation	p. 99
6.4 Complications of Modeling near-Equatorial Circulation	p. 99
6.5 Non Hydrostatic Effects	p. 101
6.6 Sponge Layers in the Global Model	p. 101
6.7 Inflow Considerations	p. 101
References	p. 102
7 Brief History of the Community Ocean Modeling System (COMS)	p. 105
7.1 COMS history	p. 105
7.2 Background and motivations	p. 106
7.3 COMS elliptic solver history	p. 107
7.4 Evolution of DieCAST	p. 108
7.5 Outlook	p. 108
References	p. 110
8 DieCAST Model Equations	p. 113
8.1 Model Equations	p. 113
8.2 Model Layer Depths	p. 115
References	p. 116
9 Some Basic Physical, Mathematical and Modeling Concepts	p. 117
9.1 Buoyancy, Density and the Hydrostatic Approximation	p. 117
9.2 Pycnocline Slope: Geopotential Surface as a Natural Vertical Coordinate	p. 119
9.3 Rotation and Coriolis Terms	p. 120
9.4 Pycnocline and the Florida Strait Sill Depth	p. 121
9.5 Surface and Bottom Mixed Layers	p. 121
References	p. 122
10 Modeling Challenges, Validations and Animations	p. 125
10.1 Incompressibility, Geostrophy, Data Assimilation and Initialization Issues	p. 125
10.2 Thermocline Maintenance, Ventilation and Extreme Events	p. 127
10.3 Nesting, Grid Coupling and Open Boundary Conditions	p. 127
10.4 Validation of Simulated Major Current Patterns in the Gulf	p. 127
10.5 Note on Data Assimilation	p. 133
10.6 Gulf Circulation Animations	p. 134
10.7 Animation 1	p. 134
10.8 Animation 2	p. 135
10.9 Animation 3	p. 136
References	p. 136
11 A Five-Century Gulf Simulation using DieCAST	p. 139
11.1 Motivation	p. 139
11.2 Basic Flow Patterns	p. 140
11.3 Some Results Observed during the 5th Century	p. 142
11.4 Internal Waves	p. 143
11.5 Island /Headland Wake Effects in the Yucatan Channel	p. 143
11.6 Deeply Suspended and Bottom Deposited Material	p. 144
References	p. 145
12 Extreme Events and Oil Rig Stability	p. 147
12.1 Introduction	p. 147
12.2 An Unusual Northern Gulf Eddy Event	p. 148
12.3 Detailed Discussion of Run A	p. 148
12.4 Some Comments	p. 151
12.5 Other Extreme Events Found during the 500-year simulation	p. 152
References	p. 153
13 Initialization and Data Assimilation; MAM Procedure	p. 155
13.1 Introduction	p. 155
13.2 Preliminary Comment	p. 156
13.3 MAM Procedure	p. 156
13.4 Refinements, Variations, Generalizations and Specializations of the MAM Approach	p. 158
References	p. 160
14 On the Simulation of Density Currents by z-level Models	p. 161
14.1 Motivation	p. 161
14.2 Introduction	p. 162
14.3 Analysis	p. 164
14.4 Summary and Conclusion	p. 167
14.5 Acknowledgements	p. 168
References	p. 168
Appendix I Notes on Modeling Hurricanes with DieCAST	p. 171
A1.1 Introduction	p. 171
A1.2 Model Setup	p. 172
A1.3 Results and Discussion	p. 174
A1.4 Final Remarks	p. 178
A1.5 Summary	p. 179
A1.6 Acknowledgements	p. 179
References	p. 179
Appendix II A Model Study of Ventilation of the Mississippi Bight by Baroclinic Eddies: Local Instability and Remote Loop Current Effects	p. 181
A2.1 Abstract	p. 181
A2.2 Introduction	p. 182
A2.3 Model Setup	p. 183
A2.4 Results	p. 184
A2.5 Concluding Remarks	p. 208
References	p. 213
Index	p. 215

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