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摘要
Acknowledgments chapter 1 The Roots of Earth Sciences 1 Classical Scientific Thought 1 The Copernican Revolution 2 From Physics and Philosophy to Geology 4 The Age of the Earth 6 chapter 2 The Earth in the Context of Our Solar System 9 The Origins of the Solar System The Elements of the Solar System The Planets Circling the Sun chapter 3 The Formation of Earth and Moon 21 Similarities and Differences 21 Exploring the Moon chapter 4 The Interior of the Earth and the Role of Seismology Seismic Waves 28 The Earth's Interior 36 chapter 5 Rotation and Shape, Gravity and Tides 41 Describing the Earth's Shape Tides 44 Rotation 44 43 27 23 15 12 10 xiii xi chapter 6 The Earth's Magnetic Field 47 Establishing a Physical Concept Reversals of the Magnetic Field 51 Paleomagnetism chapter 7 Atom--Mineral--Rock 59 Crystallization 60 Minerals in Crust and Mantle 60 Rocks chapter 8 The Early Ages 71 The Archean 71 The Proterozoic 77 chapter 9 Radioactive Dating The Chemistry of Unstable Elements Determining the Age Applications of Radioactive Dating Techniques Carbon Dating 90 chapter10 Plate Tectonics Twentieth-Century Research Gathering Evidence 95 Drifting Plates 3 Pangea and Beyond 4 chapter11 The Crust of the Earth 7 The Moho 7 The Crust Hydrocarbons 4 Coal 9 Other Subsurface-based Resources 9 12 12 12 108 10 10 10 10 94 93 89 83 81 81 63 52 48 chapter12 Formation of Mountains and Basins Collisions Orogeny Sediment Basins
评论 (2)
《书目》(Booklist)书评
Retired professor Meissner organizes his compact, efficient introduction to earth history well. He alludes to one topic, then expands on it later so that the reader understands how geology integrates various specialties, including seismology, mineralogy, radioactive dating, and more. Meissner goes into deepest detail on the way seismic waves behave, how crystals form, and how decay elements are graphed to estimate age. This how-to underlies his narrative history of the earth from formation to the present. Meissner never seems to be pronouncing from the lectern, but rather, seeks to convey his own curiosity about the subject. The author summarizes the evidence on plate tectonics concisely and also points out the latest modifications of tectonic theory as well as the sophisticated seismic techniques with which they are investigated. Clarity and accessibility make this an excellent addition to the science collection. Gilbert Taylor.
Choice 评论
This small but delightful book should interest anyone curious about the planet he or she lives on. Much has been learned about Earth over the past 50 years, and meteorologist/geophysicist Meissner treats this material in an interesting and easy-to-read style. But he does much more--he also describes the formation of Earth and its development. Indeed, most aspects of Earth, such as the formation of its crust and mountains, plate tectonics, and biological evolution, are all described in considerable detail. The role of seismology in analyzing Earth's structure is discussed, along with how radioactivity is used in dating the ages associated with Earth. There are numerous illustrations and photographs throughout, along with a section on further reading. The last chapter, "Our Limited Resources," should interest everyone, as it predicts what is in store for us. Strongly recommended. General readers; lower- and upper-division undergraduates. B. R. Parker emeritus, Idaho State University
目录
Preface | p. XI |
Acknowledgments | p. XIII |
Chapter 1 The Roots of Earth Sciences | p. 1 |
Classical Scientific Thought | p. 1 |
The Copernican Revolution | p. 2 |
From Physics and Philosophy to Geology | p. 4 |
The Age of the Earth | p. 6 |
Chapter 2 The Earth in the Context of Our Solar System | p. 9 |
The Origins of the Solar System | p. 10 |
The Elements of the Solar System | p. 12 |
The Planets Circling the Sun | p. 15 |
Chapter 3 The Formation of Earth and Moon | p. 21 |
Similarities and Differences | p. 21 |
Exploring the Moon | p. 23 |
Chapter 4 The Interior of the Earth and the Role of Seismology | p. 27 |
Seismic Waves | p. 28 |
The Earth's Interior | p. 36 |
Chapter 5 Rotation and Shape, Gravity and Tides | p. 41 |
Describing the Earth's Shape | p. 43 |
Tides | p. 44 |
Rotation | p. 44 |
Chapter 6 The Earth's Magnetic Field | p. 47 |
Establishing a Physical Concept | p. 48 |
Reversals of the Magnetic Field | p. 51 |
Paleomagnetism | p. 52 |
Chapter 7 Atom--Mineral--Rock | p. 59 |
Crystallization | p. 60 |
Minerals in Crust and Mantle | p. 60 |
Rocks | p. 63 |
Chapter 8 The Early Ages | p. 71 |
The Archean | p. 71 |
The Proterozoic | p. 77 |
Chapter 9 Radioactive Dating | p. 81 |
The Chemistry of Unstable Elements | p. 81 |
Determining the Age | p. 83 |
Applications of Radioactive Dating Techniques | p. 89 |
Carbon Dating | p. 90 |
Chapter 10 Plate Tectonics | p. 93 |
Twentieth-Century Research | p. 94 |
Gathering Evidence | p. 95 |
Drifting Plates | p. 103 |
Pangea and Beyond | p. 104 |
Chapter 11 The Crust of the Earth | p. 107 |
The Moho | p. 107 |
The Crust | p. 108 |
Hydrocarbons | p. 124 |
Coal | p. 129 |
Other Subsurface-based Resources | p. 129 |
Chapter 12 Formation of Mountains and Basins | p. 131 |
Collisions | p. 131 |
Orogeny | p. 135 |
Sediment Basins | p. 137 |
Chapter 13 New Discoveries, New Concepts | p. 143 |
Discoveries | p. 143 |
New Seismological Concepts | p. 153 |
Chapter 14 The Phanerozoic: The Last 600 Million Years | p. 155 |
The Evolution of Life | p. 156 |
The Eras of the Phanerozoic | p. 159 |
Chapter 15 Biological Evolution | p. 169 |
A Product of Chance | p. 169 |
Early Life Hypotheses | p. 171 |
Multicellular Life | p. 174 |
Human Evolution and Climate | p. 177 |
Epilogue: Our Limited Resources | p. 181 |
Nuclear Energy | p. 182 |
Alternative Energy Sources | p. 182 |
Outlook | p. 186 |
Further Reading | p. 189 |
Index | p. 195 |