The biological basis of cancer

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This textbook is designed to be used for undergraduate courses on cancer. It covers everything from the molecular to the clinical aspects of the subject, and has a lengthy bibliography designed to assist newcomers with the cancer literature. An introduction acquaints students with the biological principles of cancer and the human dimensions of the disease by considering genuine cases of cancer in fictionalized letters. Other chapters discuss cancer pathology, metastasis, carcinogenesis, genetics, oncogenes and tumor suppressors, epidemiology, and the biological basis of cancer treatment. The book includes an appendix with a description of selected cancers and also a valuable glossary of cancer-related terms. Advanced undergraduates as well as beginning graduate students will find this an essential text.

Doody 图书评论

This is a basic introductory textbook presenting a wide range of information on the biological characteristics of cancer. It is intended for intermediate to advanced undergraduates who are conversant in the facts and principles of modern cell and molecular biology. It has been a companion to a seminar-like course at the University of Minnesota for nearly 30 years. These are worthy objectives and the book does a fine job of attaining them. It is intended for advanced undergraduates with a strong background in biology, but it would be of interest to many first year medical students, graduate students, or life scientists who are interested in basic information about cancer. The authors are well known pathologists and are experts in the biology of cancer. The book is nicely produced; most of the figures and drawings are well done and easy to understand. The halftone reproductions of pathological specimens (both whole organs and histological specimens) are difficult to interpret since t hey are in black and white and are of a poor to average quality. Also, the audience using the book would not understand sufficient anatomy and histology to make much sense of them. Still, it is well written and easy to read. It begins with a series of "letters" by or about individuals who are suffering from cancer. This places the subject matter of the book in a compelling personal light. There is also an excellent, extensive glossary at the end of the book. This is a well written and interesting book that many nonspecialists will find interesting and educational. The only minor shortcoming is that it would be best used as a supplement to a course, as it is intended. It would also have been useful to list a number of standard medical texts in biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, and histology that would provide useful background information. This is a reasonably priced book that should be on the shelves of public, college, university, and life science libraries. Alvin Tels er, PhD(Northwestern University Medical School). Copyright 2001, Doody Publishing

Choice 评论

This well-organized, current, and comprehensive book on cancer is divided into several sections: pathology, metastasis, carcinogenesis, genetics, cancer in nonhuman organisms, epidemiology, treatment, and biotherapy, including drug actions. Each of the subject chapters begins with an introductory section followed by a detailed discussion that culminates with a concise summary of the chapter's findings and conclusions. Particularly interesting is the authors' novel approach, in which the introduction consists of cleverly fabricated letters from "patients" followed by author comments designed to illustrate the clinical aspects of various authentic cancer cases. The reader will appreciate the many relationships made in the appendix, which describes various selected tumors that are cross-referenced back to the letters in the introduction. Also very helpful are the numerous photomicrographs, pictures, illustrations, tables, and figures that significantly add to the understanding of the etiology, pathology, epidemiology, biology, and treatment regimens of the various cancer entities. The reader will savor both the glossary and especially the very extensive lists of alphabetically arranged reference materials, which can serve as a valuable guide for further investigation. Recommended primarily for upper-division undergraduate and graduate students, as well as interested cancer professionals. H. S. Pitkow Pennsylvania College of Podiatric Medicine

Preface	p. xv
Introduction: Letters illustrating clinical aspects of cancer	p. 1
Colon cancer	p. 2
Breast cancer	p. 4
Acute leukemia	p. 5
Lung cancer	p. 6
Kidney cancer	p. 7
Squamous cell cancer	p. 8
Testicular cancer	p. 9
Stomach cancer	p. 10
Melanoma	p. 11
Neuroblastoma	p. 12
Summary	p. 13
1 The pathology of cancer	p. 14
1.1 Introduction	p. 14
1.2 Benign versus malignant tumors	p. 18
1.3 The diagnosis of benign and malignant tumors	p. 24
1.4 Tumor grading and staging	p. 25
1.5 Classification and nomenclature	p. 27
1.6 Metastasis	p. 28
1.7 Tumor markers	p. 30
1.8 How cancer kills	p. 30
1.8a Organ failure	p. 30
1.8b Obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract, ducts, and hollow organs	p. 31
1.8c Cachexia and infection	p. 33
1.9 Spontaneous regression	p. 34
1.10 Dormancy	p. 35
1.11 Initiation	p. 36
1.12 Latency	p. 36
1.13 Progression to the autonomous state	p. 37
1.14 Selection and cellular heterogeneity	p. 38
1.15 A developmental concept of cancer	p. 40
1.16 Apoptosis	p. 48
1.17 Summary	p. 49
2 Invasion and metastasis	p. 51
2.1 Introduction	p. 51
2.2 The metastatic cascade	p. 54
2.2a Disruption of the basement membrane and lytic activity in the extracellular matrix	p. 56
2.2b Cell detachment	p. 59
2.2c Cell migration and motility	p. 61
2.2d Invasion	p. 64
2.2e Penetration of the vascular system	p. 65
2.2f Cancer cells in the circulation	p. 67
2.2g Arrest of circulating cancer cells (stasis)	p. 67
2.2h Extravasation, growth of metastases, and metastasis of metastases	p. 68
2.3 A multiplicity of genes are associated with metastasis	p. 69
2.4 Soil and seed hypothesis of Paget	p. 70
Box: Stephen Paget: No "ploughman" was he!	p. 71
2.5 Is metastasis limited to malignant cells?	p. 72
2.6 How do we know a metastasis to the liver is not a primary neoplasm of the liver	p. 76
2.7 Why study metastasis?	p. 77
2.8 Summary	p. 78
3 Carcinogenesis	p. 80
3.1 Introduction	p. 80
3.2 What is a carcinogen?	p. 81
3.3 Carcinogenesis as a multistage process	p. 82
3.4 Chemical carcinogenesis	p. 84
3.4a Organic compounds	p. 92
3.4b Inorganic compounds and asbestos	p. 95
3.4c Naturally occurring chemicals	p. 98
3.5 Radiation	p. 98
3.5a Ultraviolet radiation	p. 98
3.5b Ionizing radiation	p. 100
3.5c Endogenous ionizing radiation	p. 103
3.6 Radon	p. 103
3.7 Viral carcinogenesis	p. 105
3.8 Endogenous carcinogenesis	p. 107
3.9 Metabolism of xenobiotics	p. 109
3.9a Host defenses	p. 109
3.9b Inducibility of xenobiotic metabolism	p. 111
3.9c Metabolic activation of chemical carcinogens	p. 113
3.9d Inactivation of chemical carcinogens	p. 114
3.9e Systemic distribution of chemical carcinogens	p. 114
3.9f Mechanisms for carcinogen suppression/chemoprevention	p. 115
Box: Elizabeth Cavert Miller with husband James	p. 116
3.10 Modulation of carcinogenesis	p. 117
3.11 Tumor promotion	p. 120
3.12 Tumor progression	p. 122
3.13 Alternative pathways for carcinogenesis?	p. 123
3.14 Federal regulations	p. 123
3.15 Summary	p. 125
4 Genetics and heredity	p. 126
4.1 Introduction	p. 126
4.2 Chromosomes and cancer	p. 127
4.2a Aneuploidy	p. 127
4.2b Euploidy does not preclude genetic change	p. 129
4.2c Cancers with chromosomal aberrations	p. 131
4.3 Chromosome damage, mutation, and vulnerability to cancer	p. 135
4.4 Hereditary cancers	p. 136
4.4a Retinoblastoma	p. 136
4.4b Wilms tumor	p. 137
4.4c Hereditary conditions that increase cancer risk	p. 138
4.5 Familial cancer syndromes	p. 139
4.5a Colon cancer	p. 139
4.5b Breast cancer	p. 141
4.5c Prostate cancer	p. 142
4.5d Microarray technology as a way of examining many genes simultaneously	p. 143
4.6 Summary	p. 144
5 Cancer-associated genes	p. 145
5.1 Introduction	p. 145
5.2 What is an oncogene?	p. 145
5.3 Proto-oncogenes function in signal transduction, cell cycle regulation, differentiation, or programmed cell death (apoptosis)	p. 148
5.4 Genetic approaches to delineate proto-oncogene function	p. 150
5.4a DNA microarray analysis - global gene expression or genomic profiling	p. 154
5.5 Classification of proto-oncogenes/ oncogenes	p. 155
5.5a Growth factors and their receptors	p. 156
5.5b Nonreceptor tyrosine kinases	p. 161
5.5c GTP-binding proteins: ras activation	p. 162
5.5d Cytoplasmic serine/threonine kinases	p. 163
5.5e Suppression of ras signaling	p. 165
5.5f Nuclear signaling	p. 165
5.5g Transcriptional activation	p. 166
5.6 Regulation of DNA synthesis and the cell cycle	p. 168
5.7 Other mechanisms for the regulation of signaling	p. 171
5.8 Mechanisms of oncogene activation	p. 173
5.9 Carcinogens and oncogene activation	p. 178
5.10 Oncogene cooperation	p. 179
5.11 Normal cells suppress tumor growth	p. 180
5.12 Angiogenesis and tumor development	p. 180
5.13 Tumor Suppressor genes	p. 181
5.13a The Rb locus	p. 183
5.13b p53 suppressor gene	p. 184
5.13c Other tumor suppressors	p. 187
5.13d Apoptosis and its role in growth regulation	p. 188
5.13e Senescence	p. 191
5.14 Where pathology meets molecular biology	p. 192
5.15 Summary	p. 193
6 Cancer in nonhuman organisms	p. 195
6.1 Introduction	p. 196
6.2 Plant growths	p. 197
6.3 Invertebrate animals	p. 200
Box: Yoshio Masui	p. 202
6.4 Cancer in selected ectothermic (cold-blooded) vertebrates	p. 203
6.4a Fish	p. 204
6.4b Amphibia	p. 207
6.4c Reptiles	p. 212
Box: John C. Harshbarger	p. 214
6.5 Cancer in selected warm-blooded vertebrates	p. 215
6.5a Birds	p. 215
6.5b Mammals	p. 216
6.6 Summary - But try anyway!	p. 220
7 Epidemiology	p. 221
7.1 Introduction	p. 221
7.2 Cancer in fossil humans: A brief digression concerning paleopathology	p. 226
7.3 Epidemiology of selected human cancers	p. 226
7.3a Lung cancer	p. 227
Box: Alton Ochsner	p. 229
Box: Richard Doll	p. 231
7.3b Breast cancer	p. 233
7.3c Skin cancer	p. 236
7.3d Prostate cancer	p. 239
7.3e Colorectal cancer	p. 241
7.3f Cervical cancer: "The Beginning of the End"	p. 243
7.3g Hodgkin lymphoma	p. 244
7.4 Occupational cancers	p. 244
7.5 AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma	p. 245
7.6 What is next?	p. 246
8 Lifestyle: Is there anything more important?	p. 248
8.1 Introduction	p. 248
8.2 Lung cancer is a preventable disease	p. 249
8.3 Ultraviolet radiation and that "healthy tan"	p. 251
8.3a How to minimize risk for skin cancer	p. 252
8.3b The peculiar status of protection by sunscreens	p. 253
8.4 Diet, nutrition, and cancer	p. 253
8.4a Dietary fiber and colorectal cancer	p. 255
Box: Denis Burkitt	p. 256
8.4b Correlations between food substances and cancer prevalence: Significance	p. 258
8.4c Dietary fat and obesity	p. 258
8.4d Vitamins and cancer	p. 259
8.4e Selenium and calcium	p. 260
8.4f Non-nutrient organic compounds in food that may protect against cancer	p. 260
8.4g American Cancer Society (2002) Guidelines on Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer Prevention	p. 262
8.5 Exercise as it relates to cancer	p. 263
8.6 A special note about breast cancer	p. 263
8.7 Other lifestyle hazards	p. 264
8.8 Summary	p. 264
9 The stem cell basis of cancer treatment: concepts and clinical outcomes	p. 266
9.1 Introduction	p. 266
9.1a Therapies remaining at the conceptual level	p. 266
9.1b Therapies being explored clinically: Differentiation therapy and cytostatic therapy	p. 267
Box: Leland Hartwell, R. Timothy Hunt, and Sir Paul Nurse	p. 269
9.1c Eradicating cancer cells - the aim of current cancer therapy	p. 271
9.2 Absolute versus fractional cytoreduction	p. 273
Box: Howard Skipper	p. 275
9.3 The meaning of "curing cancer" depends on whom you ask	p. 279
9.4 The biological basis of multimodality therapy as optimal cancer treatment	p. 282
9.5 Biological factors that contribute to treatment success	p. 289
Box: H. Rodney Withers	p. 291
9.6 Biological factors that contribute to treatment failure	p. 293
9.7 Treatment of intermediate-stage breast cancer as a clinical science success story	p. 301
9.8 Summary	p. 305
10 Oncology: The difficult task of eradicating caricatures of normal tissue renewal in the human patient	p. 307
10.1 Surgical oncology	p. 308
10.2 Radiation oncology	p. 311
10.3 Chemotherapy	p. 314
10.3a Directly cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs	p. 314
10.3b Reactive chemicals as cytotoxic anticancer drugs	p. 315
10.3c Selective cytotoxicity as a screening tool to discover more cytotoxic drugs	p. 315
10.3d Indirect tumor cytotoxicity by nutrient deprivation ("antimetabolite therapy")	p. 317
Box: George H. Hitchings, Jr., and Gertrude B. Elion	p. 318
Box: Charles Brenton Huggins	p. 329
10.3e Trophic factor therapy to treat hematologic side effects of chemotherapy	p. 341
10.3f Therapy that exploits differentiation processes in malignancies	p. 342
10.4 Pharmacological issues arising from tumor biology	p. 349
10.5 Unknowns, the future, and the emergence of molecular oncology	p. 353
Appendix Description of selected tumors	p. 355
A.1 Adenocarcinoma of the breast	p. 355
A.2 Adenocarcinoma of the prostate	p. 358
A.3 Adenocarcinoma of the colon	p. 359
A.4 Squamous cell carcinoma	p. 361
A.5 Teratocarcinomas	p. 365
A.6 Liver cell carcinoma	p. 370
A.7 Lung cancer	p. 370
A.8 Malignant melanoma	p. 372
A.9 Retinoblastoma	p. 374
A.10 Neuroblastoma	p. 374
A.11 Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma)	p. 375
A.12 Sarcomas	p. 377
A.13 Lymphoma and leukemia	p. 378
Glossary	p. 381
References	p. 401
Index	p. 469

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