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摘要
Medical X-rays, including fluoroscopy and CT scans, are a major cause of both cancer and coronary heart disease, according to this new study. This reader-friendly work uses no complex statistical operations. It shows each step between raw data and conclusions, and defines basic terms and concepts. Startling conclusions are supported by detailed reviews of medical studies from the 1940s through the 1990s. The author recommends X-ray procedures at much lower dosage levels. Includes a booklet summarizing conclusions of the study. The author is a professor of molecular and cell biology at the University of California-Berkeley, and has investigated the effects of medical X- rays since the 1960s. Paper edition (unseen), $27. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
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Renowned nuclear physics scholar Gofman (emeritus, Univ. of California, Berkeley), author of several books on heart disease and the effects of radiation on human health, combines these two areas to offer convincing statistical evidence of the deleterious effects of medical procedures that use ionizing radiation (i.e., X-rays) as a causative factor in both cancer and ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality in the US. There are six sections: introduction; cancer mortality caused by medical radiation; noncancer and non-IHD mortality (i.e., strokes, diabetes, hypertension); IHD and medical radiation; cancer and IHD mortality after 1940 from medical radiation; analysis of a hypothesis that medical regimens using radiation contribute to cancer and IHD mortality in the US. The overall theme is the contention that even very low doses of ionizing radiation may be a contributing risk factor in the development of different forms of cancer and death from IHD. The reader will appreciate the various appendixes with their wealth of supplemental information as well as the alphabetically arranged, up-to-date reference list enabling the reader to pursue any topic. A work especially for professionals concerned about the effects of medically induced exposure to ionizing radiation, even at low doses and rates, on human health. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals; two-year technical program students. H. S. Pitkow; Temple University
目录
Section 1 Orientation, Materials, Methods | |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Abstract | p. 5 |
Chap. 1 Executive Summary of This Book | p. 7 |
Chap. 2 Pre-1960 and Post-1960 Uses of Medical Radiation, and Its Carcinogenic Action | p. 27 |
Chap. 3 PhysPops---The Doses in Some Massive Studies of Dose-Response | p. 53 |
Chap. 4 Mortality Rates---The Responses in the Dose-Response Studies | p. 77 |
Chap. 5 Dose-Response, Linear Regression, and Some Other Key Concepts in Our Analyses | p. 89 |
Section 2 Cancer Mortality: Evidence that Medical Radiation Became a Principal Cause by 1940 | |
Chap. 6 All-Cancers-Combined, Males: Relation with Medical Radiation | p. 107 |
Chap. 7 All-Cancers-Combined, Females: Relation with Medical Radiation | p. 119 |
Chap. 8 Breast Cancer, Females | p. 125 |
Chap. 9 Digestive-System Cancers, Males | p. 131 |
Chap. 10 Digestive-System Cancers, Females | p. 137 |
Chap. 11 Urinary-System Cancers, Males | p. 143 |
Chap. 12 Urinary-System Cancers, Females | p. 149 |
Chap. 13 Genital Cancers, Males | p. 155 |
Chap. 14 Genital Cancers, Females | p. 161 |
Chap. 15 Buccal-Cavity and Pharynx Cancers, Males | p. 169 |
Chap. 16 Respiratory-System Cancers, Males | p. 175 |
Chap. 17 Respiratory-System Cancers, Females | p. 181 |
Chap. 18 "Difference" Cancers (All-minus-Respiratory), Males | p. 187 |
Chap. 19 "Difference" Cancers (All-minus-Respiratory), Females | p. 193 |
Chap. 20 All-Cancer-Except-Genital-Cancer | p. 199 |
Chap. 21 All-Cancer Except (Genital + Respiratory) | p. 205 |
Chap. 22 Summarized Results of Chapters 6 - 21, and Discussion | p. 209 |
Section 3 NonCancer NonIHD Mortality: Inverse Dose-Response with Medical Radiation | |
Chap. 23 All Causes of Death Combined: Relation with Medical Radiation | p. 223 |
Chap. 24 All Causes of Death Except Cancer | p. 229 |
Chap. 25 All Causes of Death Except (Cancer + Ischemic Heart Disease) | p. 233 |
Chap. 26 Appendicitis, Deaths | p. 238 |
Chap. 27 CNS Vascular-Lesions (Strokes), Deaths | p. 241 |
Chap. 28 Chronic Nephritis, Deaths | p. 244 |
Chap. 29 Diabetes Mellitus, Deaths | p. 247 |
Chap. 30 Hypertensive Disease, Deaths | p. 250 |
Chap. 31 Influenza and Pneumonia, Deaths | p. 253 |
Chap. 32 Fatal Motor-Vehicle Accidents | p. 256 |
Chap. 33 Other Fatal Accidents | p. 259 |
Chap. 34 Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease | p. 262 |
Chap. 35 Syphilis and Sequelae, Deaths | p. 265 |
Chap. 36 Tuberculosis, Deaths | p. 267 |
Chap. 37 Ulcer of Stomach and Duodenum, Deaths | p. 270 |
Chap. 38 Summary on NonCancer NonIHD Results: Facts "Demanding" an Explanation | p. 272 |
Section 4 Ischemic Heart Disease: Evidence that Medical Radiation Became an Important Cause by 1950 | |
Chap. 39 Ischemic Heart Disease: Medical Radiation as a Cause | p. 275 |
Chap. 40 IHD in Males: The Dose-Response between Medical Radiation and IHD | p. 279 |
Chap. 41 IHD in Females: The Dose-Response between Medical Radiation and IHD | p. 289 |
Chap. 42 Similarities in the IHD and Cancer Findings: Tumors in Both Diseases? | p. 295 |
Chap. 43 Nature of Atherosclerotic Lesions Underlying IHD | p. 299 |
Chap. 44 Some "Schools" of Thought on IHD Etiology and on IHD Acute Fatal Events | p. 305 |
Chap. 45 Unified Model: Intersection of Lipoproteins and Dysfunctional Clones of SMCs | p. 337 |
Chap. 46 How the Unified Model Helps to Explain, or Relates to, Other Observations | p. 345 |
Section 5 Cancer and IHD Mortality after 1940: Fractional Causation by Medical Radiation | |
Chap. 47 Evaluating Fractional Causation in the Post-1940 Decades: How We Start | p. 355 |
Chap. 48 Cigarette Smoking: When, Who, How Much, and Especially Where | p. 361 |
Chap. 49 All-Cancers, Males, 1940-1988: Fractional Causation by Medical Radiation | p. 375 |
Chap. 50 All-Cancers, Females, 1940-1988: Fractional Causation by Medical Radiation | p. 387 |
Chap. 51 Respiratory-System Cancers, Males, 1940-1988 | p. 393 |
Chap. 52 Respiratory-System Cancers, Females, 1940-1988 | p. 405 |
Chap. 53 Difference-Cancers, Males, 1940-1988 | p. 411 |
Chap. 54 Difference-Cancers, Females, 1940-1988 | p. 417 |
Chap. 55 Breast-Cancers, Females, 1940-1990 | p. 423 |
Chap. 56 All-Cancers-Except-Genital, Females, 1940-1980 | p. 429 |
Chap. 57 Digestive-System Cancers, Males, 1940-1988 | p. 435 |
Chap. 58 Digestive-System Cancers, Females, 1940-1988 | p. 441 |
Chap. 59 Urinary-System Cancers, Males, 1940-1980 | p. 447 |
Chap. 60 Urinary-System Cancers, Females, 1940-1980 | p. 455 |
Chap. 61 Genital Cancers, Males, 1940-1990 | p. 461 |
Chap. 62 Genital Cancers, Females, 1940-1980 | p. 467 |
Chap. 63 Buccal-Pharynx Cancers, Males, 1940-1980 | p. 469 |
Chap. 64 Ischemic Heart Disease, Males, 1950-1993 | p. 477 |
Chap. 65 Ischemic Heart Disease, Females, 1950-1993 | p. 483 |
Chap. 66 Summarized Results, from Evidence Which Spans about a Half-Century | p. 489 |
Section 6 The Status of Hypotheses One and Two | |
Chap. 67 Our Findings: In Conflict with Existing Evidence? | p. 495 |
Chap. 68 Is There a Reasonable Non-Radiation Explanation for the Observations? | p. 507 |
Chap. 69 Conclusion: Making Sense of Three Sets of Irrefutable Correlations | p. 513 |
Appendices | |
App A Dose-Units and Dose-Levels of Ionizing Radiation | p. 517 |
App B The Safe-Dose Fallacy: Summary of Three Remarkably Similar Reports | p. 521 |
App C The Free-Radical Fallacy about Ionizing Radiation: A Demonstration | p. 530 |
App D Radiation-Induced Genomic Instability: What It Is, and Why It Is Important | p. 533 |
App E Some Pathways toward Understanding the Atherogenic Role of Lipoproteins | p. 538 |
App F Dietary Advice in Prevention and Management of Ischemic Heart Disease | p. 555 |
App G Any Goodness in "Good Cholesterol"? | p. 577 |
App H "Small, Dense Lipoprotein Particles" Especially Atherogenic?: Basis for Strong Doubt | p. 586 |
App I "Snapshot" Epidemiology: Why Lipid Levels Seemed Less Important at Older Ages | p. 594 |
App J Coronary Effects of Very High-Dose Medical Radiation | p. 599 |
App K Mid-Century: Average Annual Per Capita Dose from Diagnostic Medical Xrays | p. 609 |
App L Radiation "Hormesis": How an Illusion Can Arise from "Perfectly Good Data" | p. 617 |
App M Fractional Causation, 1980-1993, after an Alternate Smoking Adjustment | p. 621 |
App N PhysPop Omitted: Correlations between Canc. and IHD MortRates (Past, Present) | p. 642 |
Reference List | p. 645 |
Index and Glossary | p. 677 |