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摘要
摘要
Natural Compounds in Cancer Therapy is a classic reference work for patients and medical professionals interested in use of nontoxic botanical compounds in the treatment of cancer. It offers a snapshot of the field circa 2001, and its insights are still pertinent today. Natural Compounds in Cancer Therapy is among the first books to discuss the use of natural products against cancer from a systems biology perspective.
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This authoritative and thorough review of the use of natural products to prevent, slow, or reverse cancer is one of the best in the field of herbal medicine. Boik, with degrees in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, provides a much-needed compendium of in vitro and animal studies and human trials that even-handedly delineates the current state of knowledge about natural therapies used in cancer treatment. Compared with his first book, Cancer & Natural Medicine: A Textbook of Basic Science and Clinical Research (1995), which discussed hundreds of substances, this work focuses on 38 natural compounds with the most promise in treating cancer. Parts 1 and 2 review the many events in cancer progression at the levels of the cell and the organism. Part 3 discusses in detail the 38 individual compounds, evidence for their efficacy, and clinical outcomes. The writing style is comparable to that of Scientific American Medicine. Although there is a wealth of technical information, the use of numerous charts, cross-referencing, and primers on cancer development and immunology makes the book user-friendly. This valuable resource is highly recommended for physicians and their patients, researchers, pharmacists, nurses, educators, and laypersons seeking reliable information about complementary cancer therapies. General readers; graduate students through professionals. P. Wermager University of Hawaii at Manoa
目录
Contents | p. iii |
Foreword | p. vii |
Preface | p. ix |
1 Background for Parts I and II | p. 1 |
Development of Cancer and Characteristics of Cancer Cells | p. 1 |
Seven Strategies for Cancer Inhibition | p. 2 |
Using Natural Compounds in Combination | p. 4 |
Introduction to the Compounds | p. 5 |
Practical Considerations on Effective Concentrations and Scaling of Doses | p. 8 |
References | p. 10 |
Part I Cancer at the Cellular Level | |
2 Mutations, Gene Expression, and Proliferation | p. 13 |
DNA, RNA, and Gene Expression | p. 13 |
Cell Proliferation | p. 15 |
Mutations During Carcinogenesis and Progression | p. 17 |
How Natural Compounds and Chemotherapy Drugs Inhibit Proliferation | p. 23 |
Cytosine Methylation and DNA: A Note on Cancer Prevention | p. 25 |
Conclusion | p. 26 |
References | p. 27 |
3 Results of Therapy at the Cellular Level | p. 29 |
Cell Differentiation | p. 29 |
Failure to Enter the Cell Cycle | p. 31 |
Apoptosis and Necrosis | p. 31 |
Conclusion | p. 33 |
References | p. 34 |
4 Growth Factors and Signal Transduction | p. 37 |
Proliferation and Apoptosis in Normal Cells Versus Cancer Cells | p. 37 |
Growth Factors | p. 38 |
Signal Transduction | p. 39 |
Conclusion | p. 47 |
References | p. 47 |
5 Transcription Factors and Redox Signaling | p. 51 |
Introduction to Redox Reactions | p. 51 |
Transcription Factors | p. 54 |
Mechanisms of Redox Modulation | p. 60 |
Conclusion | p. 61 |
References | p. 62 |
6 Cell-To-Cell Communication | p. 67 |
Cell Adhesion Molecules | p. 67 |
Gap Junctions | p. 71 |
Conclusion | p. 72 |
References | p. 72 |
Part II Cancer at the Level of the Organism | |
7 Overview of Angiogenesis | p. 79 |
Mechanics of Angiogenesis | p. 79 |
Angiogenic Factors and Angiogenesis Inhibition | p. 80 |
Similarity of Angiogenesis in Wound Healing and Cancer | p. 81 |
Wound Healing and Angiogenic Factors | p. 81 |
Conclusion | p. 88 |
References | p. 88 |
8 Natural Inhibitors of Angiogenesis | p. 91 |
Inhibition of Angiogenic Factors | p. 91 |
Additional Natural Compounds That may Inhibit Angiogenesis | p. 97 |
Conclusion | p. 98 |
References | p. 98 |
9 Invasion | p. 105 |
Connective Tissue and the Extracellular Matrix | p. 105 |
The ECM and Cancer | p. 105 |
Glycosidases, Proteases, and Cancer | p. 107 |
Enzyme Inhibitors | p. 107 |
Adhesion Proteins and Cancer Cell Migration | p. 110 |
Conclusion | p. 111 |
References | p. 111 |
10 Metastasis | p. 113 |
Steps of Metastasis | p. 113 |
Cell Detachment and Movement into a Vessel | p. 113 |
Migration Through the Circulation | p. 114 |
Cell Arrest at a New Location | p. 114 |
Movement Out of the Vessel | p. 116 |
Induction of Angiogenesis | p. 116 |
Conclusion | p. 116 |
References | p. 116 |
11 The Immune System | p. 119 |
Innate and Adaptive Immunity | p. 119 |
Antigens and Antibodies | p. 121 |
MHC Molecule | p. 122 |
Role of Cytokines in Immunity | p. 123 |
Role of Immune Cells in Cancer | p. 123 |
Role of the Immune System in Cancer Prevention | p. 124 |
Immune System in Cancer Treatment | p. 125 |
Conclusion | p. 128 |
References | p. 128 |
12 Natural Compounds that Affect the Immune System | p. 131 |
Natural Compounds That Stimulate and/or Support the Immune System | p. 131 |
Clinical Studies with Chinese Herbal Formulas | p. 135 |
Natural Compounds That Suppress the Immune System | p. 137 |
Conclusion | p. 139 |
References | p. 140 |
Part III Clinical Considerations | |
13 Background for Part III | p. 147 |
Synergism | p. 147 |
Estimating Effective and Safe Doses | p. 153 |
Available Formulations | p. 156 |
Combination Design | p. 157 |
Conclusion | p. 159 |
References | p. 160 |
14 Trace Metals | p. 163 |
Selenium | p. 163 |
Iron | p. 168 |
Copper | p. 171 |
Conclusion | p. 172 |
References | p. 173 |
15 Vitamin C and Antioxidants | p. 179 |
Vitamin C | p. 180 |
Antioxidants | p. 188 |
Conclusion | p. 196 |
References | p. 196 |
16 Polysaccharides | p. 203 |
Introduction to Polysaccharides | p. 203 |
Individual Compounds | p. 203 |
Estimated Therapeutic and LOAEL Doses of Polysaccharides | p. 208 |
Using Combinations of Polysaccharides | p. 209 |
Conclusion | p. 209 |
References | p. 210 |
17 Lipids | p. 215 |
Types of Dietary Fat and Their Sources | p. 215 |
Stimulation of Cancer Progression by Saturated and Omega-6 Fatty Acids | p. 215 |
Inhibition of Cancer by Omega-3 Fatty Acids | p. 218 |
Conclusion | p. 224 |
References | p. 224 |
18 Amino Acids and Related Compounds | p. 231 |
Amino Acids | p. 231 |
Garlic | p. 236 |
Bromelain and Other Proteolytic Enzymes | p. 239 |
Conclusion | p. 243 |
References | p. 243 |
19 Flavonoids | p. 251 |
Introduction | p. 251 |
Isoflavones, Flavones, and Flavonols | p. 252 |
Flavanols--EGCG and Related Green Tea Catechins | p. 260 |
Anthocyanidins and Proanthocyanidins | p. 263 |
Conclusion | p. 266 |
References | p. 267 |
20 Nonflavonoid Phenolic Compounds | p. 275 |
CAPE and Propolis | p. 275 |
Curcumin | p. 278 |
Lignans | p. 280 |
Stilbenes--Resveratrol | p. 284 |
Quinones | p. 286 |
Conclusion | p. 290 |
References | p. 291 |
21 Terpenes | p. 297 |
Monoterpenes | p. 297 |
Triterpenoids | p. 300 |
Saponins | p. 304 |
Sesquiterpenes | p. 309 |
Conclusion | p. 311 |
References | p. 311 |
22 Lipid-Soluble Vitamins | p. 317 |
Vitamin A | p. 317 |
Vitamin D[subscript 3] | p. 322 |
Vitamin E | p. 326 |
Melatonin | p. 330 |
Conclusion | p. 333 |
References | p. 334 |
23 Natural Compounds, Chemotherapy, and Radiotherapy | p. 343 |
Introduction | p. 343 |
Effects of Natural Compounds on Chemotherapy | p. 347 |
Effects of Natural Compounds on Radiotherapy | p. 356 |
Drug Metabolism | p. 358 |
Conclusion | p. 359 |
References | p. 359 |
Appendix A Chemical Data on Natural Compounds | p. 369 |
Appendix B Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Dose Scaling | p. 377 |
Pharmacokinetic Models | p. 377 |
Linking Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Models | p. 379 |
Scaling Between Species | p. 381 |
References | p. 383 |
Appendix C Supplemental Material for Chapter 2 | p. 385 |
Appendix D Supplemental Material for Chapter 3 | p. 391 |
Appendix E Supplemental Material for Chapter 4 | p. 401 |
Appendix F Supplemental Material for Chapter 8 | p. 409 |
Appendix G Supplemental Material for Chapter 9 | p. 417 |
Appendix H Supplemental Material for Chapter 12 | p. 425 |
Appendix I Predictive Models | p. 431 |
Free Oral Clearance (FOC) Model | p. 431 |
Total Oral Clearance (TOC) Model | p. 433 |
TOPKAT Model | p. 435 |
Oral-Intraperitoneal (ORIN) Model | p. 437 |
References | p. 442 |
Appendix J Dose Calculations | p. 445 |
Estimating Doses Based on Pharmacokinetic and In-vitro Data | p. 445 |
Modifications to the Estimated Required Dose | p. 447 |
LOAEL Dose Calculation Methods | p. 447 |
Dose-Dependent Bioavailability | p. 448 |
Therapeutic and LOAEL Dose Estimates for Natural Compounds | p. 449 |
References | p. 484 |
Appendix K Supplemental Material for Chapter 19 | p. 493 |
Appendix L Software and Services | p. 497 |
Appendix M Natural Compounds Research Fund | p. 499 |
Acronyms | p. 501 |
Index | p. 503 |