可借阅:*
图书馆 | 资料类型 | 排架号 | 子计数 | 书架位置 | 状态 | 图书预约 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
正在检索... Science | Book | F 1435 S53 1994 | 1 | Stacks | 正在检索... 未知 | 正在检索... 不可借阅 |
链接这些题名
已订购
摘要
摘要
The rich findings of recent exploration and research are incorporated in this completely revised and greatly expanded edition of the standard work on the New World's most brilliant civilization--that of the Maya people of northern Central America and southern Mexico.
From its shadowy beginnings centuries before Christ, the history of the Maya is traced through its periods of cultural growth, mysterious decline, renewed prosperity, and eventual downfall following the Spanish Conquest. Ever since the awesome remains of this civilization, which spanned some 2,000 years, were discovered in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the ancient Maya have attracted widespread fascination. Where had this civilization come from? How could the Maya have sustained themselves so successfully in such an inhospitable environment? What catastrophes had overwhelmed their long-abandoned cities? Today, scientific research in a variety of disciplines has made considerable progress in answering such questions.
Still, the allure of the Maya persists. Part of this fascination undoubtedly derives from the romantic image of a "lost civilization" that left scores of ruined cities deep in the jungle. But the more we learn of the Maya, the deeper becomes our respect and admiration. For these were a people of astonishing achievement: in mathematics, astronomy, calendrics, an writing systems; in technology, political organization, an commerce; and in sculpture, painting, and architecture.
Because of the veritable explosion of research on the Maya in recent years, we are for the first time beginning to understand the origins of the civilization and the reasons for both its flowering and its decline. New field discoveries, new technical advances, new successes in the decipherment of Maya writing, and new theoretical perspectives on the Maya past have made necessary this present edition of The Ancient Maya , which is more than one-fourth longer than the previous edition.
目录
List of Tables | p. xii |
List of Figures | p. xiii |
List of Boxes | p. xxiii |
List of Color Plates | p. xxvi |
Preface | p. xxvii |
Acknowledgments | p. xxxi |
A Note on Names and Pronunciation | p. xxxiii |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Discovery and Conquest by Europeans | p. 4 |
The Fate of the Maya Heritage | p. 6 |
The Meaning of Maya Civilization | p. 7 |
Foreign Domination and Rebirth of the Maya Heritage | p. 8 |
The Destruction of the Maya Heritage | p. 16 |
Chapter 1 The Setting of Maya Civilization | p. 23 |
Natural and Cultural Subdivisions of the Maya Area | p. 29 |
The Pacific Coastal Plain | p. 31 |
The Highlands | p. 34 |
The Lowlands | p. 41 |
The Consequences of Ecological Diversity | p. 53 |
Chapter 2 Archaeology and Maya Civilization | p. 57 |
Reconstructing the Past | p. 57 |
Changing Perspectives on the Maya Past | p. 60 |
Models of Past Societies | p. 71 |
Development of Complex Society and Civilization | p. 73 |
The Evolution of Civilizations | p. 75 |
Understanding the Evolution of Maya Civilization | p. 79 |
The Maya Economy | p. 80 |
Maya Social and Political Systems | p. 86 |
Maya Ideology and Religion | p. 91 |
The Ancient Maya World | p. 93 |
Elite and Nonelite Views of the Ancient Maya | p. 96 |
Chronology | p. 98 |
Chapter 3 History and Maya Civilization | p. 99 |
Time and Maya History | p. 99 |
Numerals | p. 100 |
The Calendar | p. 102 |
Measuring the Cycles of Time | p. 116 |
Recording the Cycles of Time | p. 118 |
Sources of Maya History | p. 120 |
The Maya Chronicles | p. 123 |
Ancient Writing Systems | p. 125 |
Pre-Columbian Maya Texts | p. 125 |
Ancient Maya Writing | p. 134 |
Milestones in Decipherment | p. 145 |
Contributions to Understanding the Ancient Maya | p. 147 |
History and Maya Civilization | p. 152 |
Chapter 4 The Origins of Maya Civilization | p. 153 |
The Chronology of Pre-Columbian Development | p. 153 |
The Archaic: Origins of Highland and Coastal Cultural Traditions | p. 157 |
The Early Preclassic: Agriculture, Warfare, and Evidence of Complex Society | p. 160 |
Preclassic Developments on the Gulf Coast of Mexico | p. 164 |
Preclassic Developments in Highland Mexico | p. 168 |
Summary of Archaic and Early Preclassic Developments | p. 173 |
Patterns in the Evolution of Mesoamerican Civilization | p. 174 |
Chapter 5 The Emergence of Maya Civilization in the Middle Preclassic | p. 177 |
The Emergence of Complex Societies | p. 178 |
Markers of Complex Societies | p. 179 |
The Pacific Plain in the Middle Preclassic | p. 185 |
Middle Preclassic Commodities and Monuments | p. 190 |
The Highlands in the Middle Preclassic | p. 194 |
The Lowlands in the Middle Preclassic | p. 201 |
Middle Preclassic Communities | p. 202 |
The Rise of Complex Society in the Lowlands | p. 207 |
Further Middle Preclassic Developments in the Lowlands | p. 214 |
Summary: The Middle Preclassic Precursors of Maya Civilization | p. 219 |
Chapter 6 The Origins of Maya States in the Late Preclassic | p. 223 |
Late Preclassic Maya Civilization and Writing Traditions | p. 223 |
The Late Preclassic Isthmian Tradition | p. 225 |
The Late Preclassic Southern Maya | p. 231 |
Highland-Lowland Interaction in the Preclassic | p. 251 |
The Maya Lowlands in the Late Preclassic | p. 251 |
Patterns of Late Preclassic Rulership | p. 269 |
Preclassic Developments in the Northern Lowlands | p. 276 |
Late Preclassic Lowland Maya Civilization | p. 278 |
Decline in the Terminal Preclassic | p. 279 |
Summary: Reconstructing the Maya Preclassic | p. 284 |
Chapter 7 The Expansion of Maya States in the Early Classic | p. 287 |
The Early Classic and the Origins of Maya Civilization | p. 287 |
The Southern Maya Area in the Classic Period | p. 288 |
The Classic Transition in the Lowlands | p. 294 |
The Expansion of States in the Maya Lowlands | p. 295 |
Competition and Warfare in the Classic Lowlands | p. 299 |
The Early Classic in the Maya Lowlands | p. 301 |
The Rise of Tikal in the Early Classic (ca. 100-378) | p. 310 |
Neighboring Centers in the Central Lowlands (ca. 328-416) | p. 317 |
Strangers in the Lowlands (378-456) | p. 321 |
Expansion into the Southeastern Area (406-37) | p. 333 |
Archaeology, History, and Copan's Dynastic Founding (ca. 400-470) | p. 342 |
The Founder of Quirigua | p. 351 |
The Rise of the Calakmul Dynasty (435-561) | p. 358 |
The Calakmul-Caracol Alliance | p. 361 |
Prosperity and Problems at Tikal (458-562) | p. 362 |
The Defeat of Tikal (562) | p. 369 |
Summary: The Early Classic States of the Maya Lowlands | p. 371 |
Chapter 8 The Apogee of Maya States in the Late Classic | p. 377 |
Ascendancy of Calakmul (562-695) | p. 379 |
The Resurgence of Tikal (682-768) | p. 390 |
Rise and Fall of the Petexbatun Kingdom (682-802) | p. 403 |
The End of the Calakmul Dynasty (695-909) | p. 413 |
Recovery and Decline at Caracol (798-859) | p. 415 |
The End of the Tikal Dynasty (768-869) | p. 417 |
Expansion of the Usumacinta Polities | p. 421 |
Expansion of the Western Polities | p. 451 |
Expansion of the Southeastern Polities | p. 476 |
Summary: Development of States in the Late Classic Lowlands | p. 495 |
Chapter 9 Transformations in the Terminal Classic | p. 499 |
Decline in the Classic Heartland | p. 499 |
The Downfall of Classic Maya States | p. 503 |
Explanations for the End of Maya States | p. 505 |
A Scenario for the Downfall of Classic Maya States | p. 513 |
Survival and Revival of Classic Enclaves | p. 520 |
Transformation in the Terminal Classic | p. 525 |
The Transitional Regional Traditions | p. 529 |
The Rise of the Northern Lowland Polities | p. 531 |
Polities in Northwestern Yucatan | p. 532 |
Polities in Northeastern Yucatan | p. 554 |
The Rise of Chichen Itza | p. 558 |
The Itza Economy | p. 570 |
The Itza State | p. 580 |
The Cult of K'uk'ulkan | p. 582 |
Changes in the Southern Maya Area | p. 583 |
Summary: Culmination and Transition in the Terminal Classic | p. 585 |
Chapter 10 Reformulation and Revival in the Postclassic | p. 589 |
The Downfall of Chichen Itza | p. 591 |
The Rise of Mayapan | p. 592 |
The Mayapan State | p. 601 |
The Fall of Mayapan and the Rise of Petty States | p. 603 |
The East Coast of Yucatan | p. 604 |
Revival of Fortunes in the Central Lowlands | p. 613 |
The Southern Maya Area in the Postclassic | p. 618 |
Summary: Reformulation and Revival in the Postclassic | p. 626 |
Overview: Changing Perspectives on Maya Civilization | p. 628 |
Chapter 11 The Ancient Maya Economy | p. 631 |
The Political Economy | p. 632 |
The Social Economy | p. 635 |
Mobilization of Labor | p. 636 |
Ancient Maya Subsistence | p. 637 |
Reconstructing the Patterns of Subsistence | p. 648 |
Production of Goods | p. 651 |
Distribution of Goods | p. 657 |
The Importance of Trade | p. 660 |
Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Long-Distance Trade | p. 661 |
Chapter 12 The Organization of Maya Society | p. 665 |
Reconstructing the Social Landscape | p. 665 |
Maya Society in the Pre-Columbian Era | p. 666 |
Marriage and the Family | p. 675 |
Ancient Maya Households | p. 677 |
Settlement in the Maya Lowlands | p. 682 |
Social Stratification | p. 690 |
Residential and Descent Groups | p. 692 |
Residential Groups and the House Model | p. 695 |
Reconstructing the Political Landscape | p. 696 |
Divine Kings and the Hierarchy of Power | p. 696 |
Maya Polities | p. 703 |
Cycles of Growth and Decline | p. 708 |
State Organizational Models | p. 711 |
The Basis of Political Power | p. 714 |
Chapter 13 Maya Ideology and Religion | p. 719 |
Maya World View | p. 719 |
Origins of Maya Ideology | p. 720 |
Transformations by Outsiders | p. 722 |
Cosmology | p. 726 |
Maya Deities | p. 735 |
Rituals and Ceremonies | p. 745 |
Royal Rituals of the Classic Period | p. 747 |
Rituals of the Postclassic and Conquest Periods | p. 748 |
The Ideological Foundations of Maya Civilization | p. 755 |
Epilogue: The Conquest of the Maya | p. 757 |
First Contacts, 1502-25 | p. 758 |
The Period of Conquest, 1524-1697 | p. 762 |
The Subjugation of the Southern Maya by Pedro de Alvarado, 1524-27 | p. 763 |
The Subjugation of Yucatan by the Montejos, 1527-46 | p. 766 |
The Independent Itza, 1525-1696 | p. 772 |
The Subjugation of the Itza, 1696-97 | p. 776 |
Appendix Dates for K'atun and Half-K'atun Endings | p. 779 |
Bibliographic Summaries | p. 785 |