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摘要
摘要
This book shows how it is possible to understand weather and climate by combining our ability to observe weather systems from the earth's surface with visualization from above--notably by means of satellite imagery. It aims to show that it is possible to analyze global weather systems through this visual technology rather than the traditional use of math and physics. After examining the interaction of atmospheric heat, moisture, and motion, and contrasting the "above" and "below" approaches techniques of observation, the authors survey the world's climatess with key weather features, highlighting the ways in which weather events may develop into atmospheric hazards.
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Mayes and Hughes (both, Univ. of Roehampton, UK) attempt to introduce readers to weather and climate through observation from both the surface and space (i.e., through the use of ground observations and satellite imagery). Although this approach is interesting, not all aspects of weather and climate can be easily observed in such a manner; hence, it is not possible for the "visual approach" to be consistent throughout, leaving the chapters slightly heterogeneous. Additionally, though the topics presented are consistent with traditional introductory weather and climate material, the coverage is somewhat biased toward observable phenomena. With that said, the book does provide many excellent examples of observational techniques as they apply to concepts important to weather and climate, and it could potentially serve to aid in understanding such concepts through the "visual approach." This book's major strength is the wealth of remotely sensed images that can be used as case studies of atmospheric phenomena that are usually highly generalized in introductory weather and climate books. ^BSumming Up: Recommended. General readers; lower-division undergraduates. J. Schoof Indiana University
目录
List of boxes | p. ix |
Foreword | p. xi |
Acknowledgements | p. xiii |
Chapter 1 Heat and moisture in the atmosphere | p. 1 |
1.1 Understanding the atmosphere: a visual approach | p. 1 |
1.2 The three-dimensional atmosphere | p. 3 |
1.3 Energy in the atmosphere | p. 5 |
1.4 Rates of warming at the surface of the Earth | p. 11 |
1.5 Effects of temperature changes--stability and instability | p. 12 |
1.6 From cloud droplets to raindrops | p. 21 |
1.7 Forms of precipitation | p. 22 |
1.8 The fohn effect--a local influence upon cloud and rainfall | p. 23 |
Summary | p. 25 |
Chapter 2 The dynamic atmosphere--energy, motion and the creation of weather systems | p. 27 |
2.1 Energy in the atmosphere--the global movement of air | p. 27 |
2.2 The circulation of the atmosphere--the upper westerly winds | p. 29 |
2.3 Surface winds and pressure bands | p. 32 |
2.4 Development of a low pressure system in the mid-latitudes | p. 34 |
2.5 High pressure systems--anticyclones | p. 48 |
Summary | p. 52 |
Chapter 3 Observing weather from the Earth's surface | p. 54 |
3.1 The making of weather observations | p. 54 |
3.2 Clouds--a guide to their form, development and variety | p. 60 |
Summary | p. 79 |
Chapter 4 Observation from space: the view from above | p. 82 |
4.1 A perspective from space | p. 83 |
4.2 Patterns of brightness | p. 83 |
4.3 Energy: the information source | p. 88 |
4.4 The visible made more visible: clouds and aerosols | p. 95 |
4.5 The invisible made visible: water vapour and heat | p. 102 |
4.6 The scene below: sea, land and ice | p. 108 |
Summary | p. 112 |
Chapter 5 Climates of the mid-latitudes | p. 115 |
5.1 The distribution of mid-latitude climates | p. 115 |
5.2 The climate of Europe | p. 116 |
5.3 Geographical patterns of weather in the British Isles | p. 135 |
5.4 The climates of North America | p. 145 |
Summary | p. 157 |
Chapter 6 Tropical climates | p. 160 |
6.1 Identifying and defining tropical climates | p. 161 |
6.2 Atmospheric circulation, surface temperature and convection | p. 161 |
6.3 Disturbances in tropical climates (1): tropical cyclones | p. 163 |
6.4 Disturbances in tropical climates (2): El Nino events | p. 167 |
6.5 The climates of Africa | p. 171 |
6.6 Monsoon climates of South Asia | p. 175 |
Summary | p. 178 |
Index | p. 181 |