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摘要
摘要
Everyone knows that while different cultures may think about the world differently, they use the same equipment for doing their thinking. Everyone knows that whatever the skin color, nationality, or religion, every human being uses the same tools for perception, for memory, and for reasoning. Everyone knows that a logically true statement is true in English, German, or Hindi. Everyone knows that when a Chinese and an American look at the same painting, they see the same painting. But what if everyone is wrong? When psychologist Richard E. Nisbett showed an animated underwater scene to his American students, they zeroed in on a big fish swimming among smaller fish. Japanese subjects, on the other hand, made observations about the background environment -- and the different "seeings" are a clue to profound underlying cognitive differences between Westerners and East Asians. For, as Professor Nisbett shows in The Geography of Thought, people actually think about -- and even see -- the world differently because of differing ecologies, social structures, philosophies, and educational systems that date back to ancient Greece and China and that have survived into the modern world. As a result, East Asian thought is "holistic" -- drawn to the perceptual field as a whole and to relations among objects and events within that field. By comparison to Western modes of reasoning, East Asian thought relies far less on categories or on formal logic; it is fundamentally dialectic, seeking a "middle way" between opposing thoughts. By contrast, Westerners focus on salient objects or people, use attributes to assign them to catergories, and apply rules of formal logic to understand their behavior. The Geography of Thought documents Professor Nisbett's groundbreaking international research in cultural psychology, a series of comparative studies both persuasive in their rigor and startling in their conclusions, addressing questions such as: * Why did the ancient Chinese excel at algebra and arithmetic, but not geometry, the brilliant achievement of such Greeks as Euclid? * Why do East Asians find it so difficult to disentangle an object from its surroundings? * Why do Western infants learn nouns more rapidly than verbs, when it is the other way around in East Asia? * What are the implications of these cognitive differences for the future of international politics? Do they support a Fukuyamaesque "end of history" scenario or a Huntingtonian "clash of civilizations"? From feng shui to metaphysics, from comparative linguistics to economic history, a gulf separates the children of Aristotle from the descendants of Confucius. At a moment in history when the need for cross-cultural understanding and collaboration have never been more important, The Geography of Thought offers both a map to that gulf and a blueprint for a bridge that might be able to span it.
评论 (3)
出版社周刊评论
This book may mark the beginning of a new front in the science wars. Nisbett, an eminent psychologist and co-author of a seminal Psychological Review paper on how people talk about their decision making, reports on some of his latest work in cultural psychology. He contends that "[h]uman cognition is not everywhere the same"-that those brought up in Western and East Asian cultures think differently from one another in scientifically measurable ways. Such a contention pits his work squarely against evolutionary psychology (as articulated by Steven Pinker and others) and cognitive science, which assume all appreciable human characteristics are "hard wired." Initial chapters lay out the traditional differences between Aristotle and Confucius, and the social practices that produced (and have grown out of) these differing "homeostatic approaches" to the world: Westerners tend to inculcate individualism and choice (40 breakfast cereals at the supermarket), while East Asians are oriented toward group relations and obligations ("the tall poppy is cut down" remains a popular Chinese aphorism). Next, Nisbett presents his actual experiments and data, many of which measure reaction times in recalling previously shown objects. They seem to show East Asians (a term Nisbett uses as a catch-all for Chinese, Koreans, Japanese and others) measurably more holistic in their perceptions (taking in whole scenes rather than a few stand-out objects). Westerners, or those brought up in Northern European and Anglo-Saxon-descended cultures, have a "tunnel-vision perceptual style" that focuses much more on identifying what's prominent in certain scenes and remembering it. Writing dispassionately yet with engagement, Nisbett explains the differences as "an inevitable consequence of using different tools to understand the world." If his explanation turns out to be generally accepted, it means a big victory for memes in their struggle with genes. (Mar. 3) (c) Copyright PWxyz, LLC. All rights reserved
《书目》(Booklist)书评
A social psychologist in academia, Nisbett here expresses how intrigued he is by the cognitive differences between East Asians and Americans. While this may strike some as an excursion into a sea of stereotype, others will consider Nisbett's evidence, procured from his and his students' experiments. Often these are visual, as the subject is asked to identify relationships among objects; or the tests may be verbal, gauging logical inference. The author notes that the large majority of the American group perceives or responds one way, and a like portion of the East Asian group reacts almost oppositely. Nisbett reports that an American tends to extract objects from their environments, creating rules to establish relationships, whereas an East Asian conceives of things as inseparable from their context. Ascribing the source of these outlooks to Aristotelian and Confucian conceptions of the world, Nisbett boldly, if controversially, challenges the assumption that all people everywhere think the same way. --Gilbert Taylor
《图书馆杂志》(Library Journal )书评
Responding to a challenge by one of his Asian students, noted psychologist Nisbett (Univ. of Michigan) here questions the assumption in psychology that Western cognitive style is universal. The author conducted many psychological experiments, often with the assistance of Asian colleagues, which reveal that European/American analytic and perceptual modes differ from those of Asians (specifically Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans). Westerners, he found, focus on objects and their control, Asians on context and harmony; Westerners are linear and rhetorical, while Asians are holistic and relational; where Westerners see simplicity, logic, and stability, Asians find complexity, paradox, and change. These differences are clear but not stark, and bicultural experience tends to blend them. Gender differences are considered, but there is no comparison of humor. Nisbett's readable presentation has admirable depth in history, philosophy, and culture. Popular psychology and philosophy have anticipated some of his findings, but his work is the first to offer solid research and theory to back it up. This outstanding book makes key contributions to education, science, health, business, politics, language, and religion. Essential for most libraries.-E. James Lieberman, George Washington Univ. Sch. of Medicine, Washington, DC (c) Copyright 2010. Library Journals LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Media Source, Inc. No redistribution permitted.
目录
Acknowledgments | p. ix |
Introduction | p. xiii |
1 The Syllogism and the Tao: Philosophy, Science, and Society in Ancient Greece and China | p. 1 |
2 The Social Origins of Mind: Economics, Social Practices, and Thought | p. 29 |
3 Living Together vs. Going It Alone: Social Life and Sense of Self in the Modern East and West | p. 47 |
4 "Eyes in Back of Your Head" or "Keep Your Eye on the Ball"?: Envisioning the World | p. 79 |
5 "The Bad Seed" or "The Other Boys Made Him Do It"?: Causal Attribution and Causal Modeling East and West | p. 111 |
6 Is the World Made Up of Nouns or Verbs?: Categories and Rules vs. Relationships and Similarities | p. 137 |
7 "Ce N'est Pas Logique" or "You've Got a Point There"?: Logic and the Law of Noncontradiction vs. Dialectics and the Middle Way | p. 165 |
8 And If the Nature of Thought Is Not Everywhere the Same?: Implications for Psychology, Philosophy, Education, and Everyday Life | p. 191 |
Epilogue: The End of Psychology or the Clash of Mentalities?: The Longevity of Differences | p. 219 |
Notes | p. 231 |
References | p. 241 |
Index | p. 253 |