Aging and diversity : an active learning experience

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This new edition has been completely rewritten and includes chapters that address key topics in diversity and aging: research methods, psychological aging; health beliefs, behaviors, and services; health disparities; informal and formal care for older persons; work and retirement; religious affiliation and spirituality; and death, dying, and bereavement. Taking a broad view of diversity, Mehrotra and Wagner discuss elements of diversity such as gender, race or ethnicity, religious affiliation, social class, rural-urban community location and sexual orientation. Including these elements allows them to convey some of the rich complexities of our diverse culture - complexities that provide both challenges to meet the needs of diverse population and opportunities to learn how to live in a pluralistic society.

Throughout the book, Mehrotra and Wagner present up-to-date knowledge and scholarship in a way that engages readers in active learning. Rather than simply transmitting information, the authors place ongoing emphasis on developing readers' knowledge and skills; fostering higher order thinking and encouraging exploration of personal values and attitudes.

Distinctive features of the book include:

Opening vignettes for each chapter that present a sampling of how the issues to be discussed apply to diverse elders. Active learning experiences that invite readers to interview diverse elders, conduct internet searches, and give an analysis of a case study. Quizzes at the end of the chapters help readers ascertain the extent to which they have learned the material; the key for each quiz includes details about correct and incorrect responses so that additional learning can occur. Aging and Diversity Online boxes interspersed throughout the book provide internet resources that readers may use to find new research and publications. Suggested readings and audiovisual resources given at the end of each chapter serve as a guide to additional information on topics covered in the chapter.

This approach of presenting the material will help the readers understand and apply key concepts and principles in ways that will not only improve the lives of older people they serve, but will also enhance their own aging experience.

Acknowledgments	p. xiii
About the Authors	p. xv
Introduction to the Second Edition	p. xvii
1 Aging and Diversity	p. 1
What Do We Mean by Diversity?	p. 2
Why Should We Focus on Diversity and Aging?	p. 3
What Elements of Diversity Will We Include in This Book?	p. 5
What Do We Mean by Race or Ethnicity?	p. 6
Ethnicity	p. 7
Other Categorizations	p. 7
Interactional Nature of Elements of Diversity and Aging	p. 7
Changing Nature of Groups	p. 9
Within-Group and Between-Group Differences	p. 9
Acculturation	p. 10
Demographics of American Elders	p. 12
What Is the Race or Ethnicity of These Older Adults?	p. 13
What Is the Gender Distribution Among Older Adults?	p. 18
What Is the Socioeconomic Status of Older Adults?	p. 18
What Proportion of Older People Live in Rural Settings?	p. 19
How Many Elders Are Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, or Transgender?	p. 21
A Note on Terminology for Diverse Groups	p. 22
Summary	p. 23
Glossary	p. 25
Suggested Readings	p. 25
Audiovisual Resources	p. 27
References	p. 29
2 Research Methods	p. 33
Why Focus on Research Methods?	p. 35
How Do We Understand People and Their Behavior?	p. 35
What Disciplines Study Aging?	p. 35
What Disciplines Study Issues of Diversity?	p. 37
Are There Disciplines That Study Both Aging and Diversity?	p. 38
A Brief History of Research on Aging and Diversity	p. 38
Overview of the Research Process	p. 40
How Diversity Can Affect the Research Process	p. 41
Identifying the Research Question or Problem	p. 42
Theory and Conceptual Models	p. 45
Conducting the Research	p. 46
How to Improve Research with Elders from Diverse Groups	p. 57
Issues of Trust	p. 57
Bright Lights for Aging and Diversity Research	p. 62
Community-Based Participatory Research	p. 62
Resource Centers for Minority Aging Research	p. 64
Chapter Summary	p. 65
Glossary	p. 67
Suggested Readings	p. 69
Audiovisual Resources	p. 71
References	p. 74
3 Psychology and Aging	p. 77
Aging, Sensation, Perception, and Cognition	p. 78
Sensory and Perceptual Changes	p. 79
Sensory Changes and Diversity	p. 82
Cognitive Changes	p. 84
Culture and Cognition	p. 90
Culture, Aging, and Cognition	p. 92
Attitudes Toward Aging and Older People	p. 93
Defining Terms	p. 93
Attitudes About the Aging Process Across Cultures	p. 93
Older People: Attitudes Toward Elders Across Cultures	p. 102
Discrimination and Ageism	p. 111
Summary	p. 111
Glossary	p. 113
Suggested Readings	p. 114
Audiovisual Resources	p. 115
References	p. 118
4 Health Beliefs, Behaviors, and Services	p. 123
Health Beliefs and Behaviors	p. 124
What Is Health?	p. 124
How Do Behaviors Influence Health?	p. 131
How Do Elements of Diversity Affect These Health-Related Behaviors?	p. 134
Health Care Services and Diverse Elders	p. 141
Health Insurance	p. 142
Service Providers	p. 148
Summary	p. 152
Glossary	p. 154
Suggested Readings	p. 155
Audiovisual Resources	p. 157
References	p. 158
5 Inequalities in Health	p. 161
Illness and Aging	p. 163
Common Conditions That Affect Older Adults in General	p. 163
Mental Illness and Aging	p. 166
Health Inequalities	p. 168
Mental Health Inequalities	p. 185
Mortality and Diversity	p. 189
Race/Ethnicity and Mortality	p. 191
Mortality and Socioeconomic Status	p. 192
Gender and Mortality	p. 192
Chapter Summary	p. 192
Glossary	p. 194
Suggested Readings	p. 195
Audiovisual Resources	p. 198
References	p. 200
6 Informal and Formal Care for Older Persons	p. 205
Living Arrangements	p. 206
Informal Care	p. 209
Gender of Caregivers	p. 211
Informal Caregiving Among Blacks	p. 214
Informal Caregiving Among Hispanics	p. 216
Informal Caregiving Among Asian/Pacific Islanders	p. 218
Informal Caregiving Among Native Americans	p. 219
Informal Caregiving Among Elders Who Are Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual	p. 221
Formal Care	p. 222
Adult Day Care	p. 224
Assisted Living Facilities	p. 225
Nursing Homes	p. 226
Barriers Hindering the Use of Formal Care	p. 228
Programs and Services	p. 231
Culturally Sensitive Care	p. 231
Interventions for Enhancing Alzheimer's Caregiver Health	p. 233
Technology to Help Older Persons and Their Family Caregivers	p. 235
Summary	p. 240
Glossary	p. 242
Suggested Readings	p. 242
Audiovisual Resources	p. 244
References	p. 247
7 Work, Retirement, and Leisure	p. 253
Gender and Ethnic Differences in the Older Workforce	p. 256
Increase in Labor Force Participation	p. 256
Gender Differences	p. 259
Ethnicity and Labor Force Participation	p. 261
Barriers to Employment	p. 273
Age Discrimination	p. 273
Discrimination Against Individuals with Disabilities	p. 276
Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation	p. 278
Negative Stereotypes	p. 279
Individual and Job Obsolescence	p. 280
Creating New Opportunities for Work	p. 281
Retirement	p. 283
Diversity and Retirement	p. 283
Variations of Retirement	p. 285
Need for Retirement Planning	p. 287
Retirement Planning Programs	p. 288
Adjustment to Retirement	p. 292
Leisure Pursuits	p. 295
Senior Centers	p. 296
Volunteering	p. 297
Religious Participation	p. 298
Lifelong Learning	p. 298
Summary	p. 300
Glossary	p. 303
Suggested Readings	p. 304
Audiovisual Resources	p. 306
References	p. 311
8 Religious Affiliation and Spirituality	p. 317
Defining Spirituality and Religion	p. 318
Conceptualization and Measurement of Religiousness and Spirituality	p. 319
Quantitative Methods	p. 319
Qualitative Methods	p. 321
Religious Participation Among African Americans	p. 323
Organizational Religious Participation	p. 324
Nonorganizational Religious Involvement	p. 325
Impact of Religion on Mental Health and Well-Being	p. 327
Impact of Religion on Physical Health	p. 327
Religious Participation Among Hispanics	p. 330
Organizational Religious Practices	p. 330
Nonorganizational Religious Practices	p. 331
Faith	p. 331
Impact of Religiousness on Health and Well-Being	p. 331
Religious Participation Among Native Americans	p. 332
Religious Traditions Among Asian Americans	p. 335
Islamic or Muslim Tradition	p. 336
Hindu Tradition	p. 339
Buddhist Tradition	p. 343
Summary	p. 347
Glossary	p. 349
Suggested Readings	p. 350
References	p. 353
9 Death, Dying, and Bereavement	p. 357
U.S. "Mainstream" Approach to Life and Death	p. 359
What Do We Mean by Mainstream Group?	p. 359
Beliefs About Life and Death	p. 359
End-of-Life Practices	p. 362
Bereavement and Coping	p. 370
Approaches to Life and Death from Diverse Cultural Groups in the United States	p. 373
African Americans	p. 374
Hispanic Americans	p. 378
American Indians and Alaska Natives	p. 381
Asian Americans	p. 383
Summary	p. 397
Glossary	p. 399
Suggested Readings	p. 400
Audiovisual Resources	p. 402
References	p. 404
Epilogue	p. 407
Bringing It All Together	p. 407
Note to Instructors	p. 409
Index	p. 411

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