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摘要
摘要
Winner of the 2012 Bancroft Prize in American History
Finalist for the 2012 Pulitzer Prize in History
To most people living in the West, the Louisiana Purchase made little difference: the United States was just another imperial overlord to be assessed and manipulated. This was not, as Empires, Nations, and Families makes clear, virgin wilderness discovered by virtuous Anglo entrepreneurs. Rather, the United States was a newcomer in a place already complicated by vying empires. This book documents the broad family associations that crossed national and ethnic lines and that, along with the river systems of the trans-Mississippi West, formed the basis for a global trade in furs that had operated for hundreds of years before the land became part of the United States. Empires, Nations, and Families shows how the world of river and maritime trade effectively shifted political power away from military and diplomatic circles into the hands of local people. Tracing family stories from the Canadian North to the Spanish and Mexican borderlands and from the Pacific Coast to the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, Anne F. Hyde's narrative moves from the earliest years of the Indian trade to the Mexican War and the gold rush era. Her work reveals how, in the 1850s, immigrants to these newest regions of the United States violently wrested control from Native and other powers, and how conquest and competing demands for land and resources brought about a volatile frontier culture--not at all the peace and prosperity that the new power had promised.
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Choice 评论
This innovative study examines the vast area of the Trans-Mississippi West during the first half of the 19th century. It affirms the vital importance of French, Spanish, Indian, and Metis populations throughout the subregions even before the 1803 Louisiana Purchase and the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo delivered the West into US hands. Systems of commerce, cultural exchange, diplomacy, and familial ties connected the peoples prior to the establishment of a national identity. Hyde (Colorado College) relates the complex story through the important families of the subregions and their interconnectedness over several generations. Utilizing interdisciplinary methodologies from history, ethnohistory, anthropology, gender studies, and race theories, the author creates a sophisticated analysis of these relationships. Examples include the Chouteau family of St. Louis, John McLoughlin of the Oregon Country, Mariano Vallejo and John Sutter of California, and the Bent brothers of the southern Plains. Especially important were the marriages of Anglo-Americans to French, Spanish, and Indian partners and the significant roles women played in resulting business enterprises. The book's well-crafted epilogue completes the story by taking the extended view of "How It All Turned Out" by the 1860s. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and above. M. L. Tate University of Nebraska at Omaha
目录
List of Illustrations | p. ix |
List of Maps | p. xi |
Acknowledgments: Adventures in the Land of the Dead | p. xiii |
Introduction: The Geography of Empire in 1804 | p. 1 |
St. Louis | p. 6 |
Michilimackinac | p. 9 |
Santa Fe | p. 11 |
The Pacific Coast | p. 13 |
Family Stories | p. 15 |
"Died Single" | p. 18 |
Why Fur and Why Families? | p. 19 |
Sources and Definitions | p. 21 |
Maps and Signposts | p. 22 |
Part I Replacing a State: The Continental Web of Family Trade | p. 25 |
Chapter 1 Families and Fur: The Personal World of the Early American West | p. 27 |
The Chouteau Family and the Missouri River World | p. 30 |
"Middle Ground" or "Native Ground"? | p. 35 |
"Tough Love" and Family Loyalty | p. 39 |
On the Trail of Wealth and Opportunity | p. 56 |
The Sublette Brothers and Their Family Business | p. 57 |
Chasing Fortune and Family | p. 70 |
Americans in Mexico, Californios in America | p. 75 |
Dangerous Places | p. 83 |
Chapter 2 Fort Vancouver's Families: The Custom of the Country | p. 89 |
Cogs in the Fur Trade | p. 89 |
The Local and Global Communities of the Columbia | p. 92 |
The Métis World of John McLoughlin | p. 97 |
The Tentacles of International Trade | p. 104 |
The McLoughlins and the Company | p. 109 |
Life and Work on the Columbia | p. 116 |
Global Ambitions | p. 124 |
The Fine Mesh of the Family Network | p. 128 |
Immigrants, Nations, and the Loss of a Family Empire | p. 133 |
Murder at Fort Stikine and Suicide in California | p. 137 |
Chapter 3 Three Western Places: Regional Communities and Vecinidad | p. 147 |
William Bent's Border World | p. 151 |
Bent's Fort and Its Neighborhood | p. 160 |
Omens and Weddings | p. 162 |
Norteños and Yanquis in Alta California | p. 170 |
Captain Sutter's New Helvetia | p. 183 |
Dinner and Diplomacy in Northern California | p. 191 |
Portents of Change | p. 195 |
Stephen Austin's Border World | p. 200 |
Planting Colonies in Texas | p. 204 |
Austin's Fractious Neighborhood | p. 212 |
Part II Americans All: The Mixed World of Indian Country | p. 221 |
Chapter 4 The Early West: The Many Faces of Indian Country | p. 229 |
Cherokee, Shawnee, and Osage | p. 229 |
The View from Fort Osage | p. 240 |
The View from St. Louis | p. 250 |
Change, Loss, and Warfare on the Missouri | p. 257 |
The Arikara War | p. 262 |
Métis and Half-Breed in an Anglo West | p. 268 |
Chapter 5 Empires in Transition: Indian Country at Midcentury, 1825-1860 | p. 279 |
Counting Indians | p. 281 |
Expanding Power | p. 289 |
The Santa Fe Trail | p. 293 |
Native Nations and Texas Revolution | p. 298 |
Retrenchment and Resistance | p. 307 |
The Osages and Accommodation on the Arkansas | p. 314 |
Good Fathers and the Fur Trade | p. 317 |
Captivity Tales and Epidemic Disease | p. 330 |
Part III From Nations to Nation: Imposing a State, 1840-1865 | p. 347 |
Chapter 6 Unintended Consequences: Families, Nations, and the Mexican War | p. 351 |
What If Guadalupe Boggs Married Teresina Carson? | p. 351 |
Questions of Citizenship and Identity | p. 358 |
Joseph Smith and the Origins of Mormonism | p. 359 |
Mexican Revolutions | p. 369 |
Continental Rumor Factories | p. 373 |
The Bent Family and the Vagaries of War | p. 378 |
Bent's Choice | p. 385 |
Brigham Young and the Choices of War | p. 388 |
Hard Choices in California | p. 392 |
The McLoughlins' Choice | p. 400 |
Chapter 7 Border Wars: Disorder and Disaster in the 1850s | p. 409 |
The Evolving Fur Trade World | p. 411 |
Postwar Family and Business on the Arkansas | p. 416 |
Indian Wars in the Pacific Northwest | p. 421 |
Oregon's Bloody Legacy | p. 423 |
The Failure of Warfare and Washington's Native Nations | p. 427 |
Nation Building in the Southwest | p. 434 |
Raising Families and Fighting Wars | p. 440 |
Chapter 8 The State and Its Handmaidens: Imposing Order | p. 451 |
Civil Threats and the Mormons | p. 452 |
The Personal Politics of Polygamy and Theocracy | p. 455 |
The Almost War and the Massacre in Utah | p. 459 |
Conquest and Chaos in California | p. 462 |
A Nation of Squatters | p. 475 |
While Kansas Bled and Native People Fled | p. 477 |
The Pesky Details of Popular Sovereignty | p. 480 |
A National Horror Show | p. 484 |
The Minnesota Uprising of 1862 | p. 488 |
Sand Creek and the Bent Family Nightmare | p. 492 |
Epilogue: How It All Turned Out | p. 497 |
Sonoma | p. 497 |
Los Angeles | p. 501 |
Taos | p. 505 |
The Arkansas River | p. 506 |
Oregon | p. 507 |
St. Louis | p. 511 |
Kawsmouth | p. 512 |
Notes | p. 515 |
Bibliography | p. 563 |
Index | p. 597 |