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摘要
摘要
The Bloodless Revolution is a pioneering history of puritanical revolutionaries, European Hinduphiles, and visionary scientists who embraced radical ideas from the East and conspired to overthrow Western society's voracious hunger for meat. At the heart of this compelling history are the stories of John Zephaniah Holwell, survivor of the Black Hole of Calcutta, and John Stewart and John Oswald, who traveled to India in the eighteenth century, converted to the animal-friendly tenets of Hinduism, and returned to Europe to spread the word. Leading figures of the Enlightenmentamong them Rousseau, Voltaire, and Benjamin Franklingave intellectual backing to the vegetarians, sowing the seeds for everything from Victorian soup kitchens to contemporary animal rights and environmentalism.
Spanning across three centuries with reverberations to our current world, The Bloodless Revolution is a stunning debut from a young historian with enormous talent and promise.
评论 (5)
出版社周刊评论
The word "vegetarian" wasn't coined until the 1840s, but Stuart's magisterial social history demonstrates how deeply seated the vegetarian impulse has been in Western culture since the 17th century. Thinkers such as Francis Bacon and Thomas Bushell contended that a vegetarian diet provided a key not only to long life but also to spiritual perfection: God had permitted Adam and Eve to eat only plants, fruits and seeds, and doing so could restore humankind to Edenic wholeness with nature. Seventeenth- and 18th-century travelers to India introduced the Hindu idea of ahimsa (the preservation of all life) as an ideal for a slaughter-free society. Stuart follows the development of vegetarianism through its Romantic proponents Shelley and Rousseau and on into the 19th century, when doctors proffered scientific evidence that human teeth and intestines were more similar to those of herbivores than of carnivores. Looking at literary culture, Stuart notes that Samuel Richardson, Mary Shelley and Jane Austen included vegetarian characters in their novels. Stuart offers a masterful social and cultural history of a movement that changed the ways people think about the food they eat. 24 pages of color illus., b&w illus. throughout. (Jan.) (c) Copyright PWxyz, LLC. All rights reserved
《书目》(Booklist)书评
As Stuart points out early in his marvelously researched, deeply revealing, minutely considered history of vegetarianism, it was not till the nineteenth century and the founding of Britain's Vegetarian Society that Western society seriously confronted its conflicted attitudes toward the eating of meat. Before that, ascetics and other fanatics pursued meat-free diets for substantially religious reasons. No less significant a figure than the eminent Jacobean Francis Bacon led the search for a diet that would prolong the human life span. Some radical French revolutionaries regarded meat eating as part of a larger oppression carried on by dissolute upper classes. Vegetarianism gained new momentum with the colonial conquest of India's flourishing Hindu civilization, awash with dietary taboos. Vegetarianism became so strong a cultural movement that it survived even its association in the twentieth century with Adolf Hitler. Recent history has seen the expansion of a correlative animal-rights movement. Students of this phenomenon will be forever grateful for Stuart's immense bibliography. --Mark Knoblauch Copyright 2006 Booklist
Choice 评论
Vegetarianism has long been a contentious issue in Western society, whether one is addressing animal rights, environmental issues, nutrition, or religion. In The Bloodless Revolution, Stuart discusses the cultural roots of vegetarianism from the early modern era to current debates. The book is divided into three sections; the first details the religious and philosophical underpinnings of vegetarianism; the second discusses medicine and vegetarianism; and the third is about more "contemporary" issues: animal rights, ecological impact, and political struggle. Since the term "vegetarian" was not coined until the 1840s, Stuart's history is of particular value for its pre-1800 chapters about the forefathers of vegetarian thought. Those readers looking for a pro-vegetarian argument, with evidence, will not find it here; neither will those wanting a straightforward history of vegetarianism. Stuart prefers to view history through biography and overarching themes, so often, the narrative skips around to different eras and countries, making it disconnected. Stuart is most at home in arguing the impact of meat production in ecology, and his arguments are persuasive on this topic. Although this is an imperfect history, it is a valuable addition to most academic libraries. Summing Up: Recommended. General readers; lower-division undergraduates through professionals. S. C. Hardesty Georgia State University
Kirkus评论
An epic of non-carnivorous restraint. Stuart, a young British scholar, offers portraits of often little-known figures who would not eat anything with a mother or a face, and he blends these character studies with smart analyses of historical trends and the transmission of ideas. The earliest vegetarians in this account, from the 17th century, were mostly driven by religious ideas, though often with a strong scientific bent. For instance, Thomas Bushell, a disciple of the natural philosopher Francis Bacon, reasoned that, according to the Bible, humans lived to be 900 years old until after the Flood, when God gave them permission to eat meat, after which they started dying off at age 70; logic demanded that vegetarians therefore could live, if not to 900, to at least some greater age. To Judeo-Christian religious impulses, complicated by widespread contact with Hindu and other Indian ideas after the 17th century, were added ethical and proto-ecological arguments, with some maintaining that it was simply wrong to eat things that demonstrably had consciousness, and that creating feed for livestock was a wanton waste of natural resources. All these arguments are with us today, Stuart notes. Along the way, he identifies founding fathers of the self-help movement, including perhaps the first diet doctor in history. He looks into the ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, moved by the rigor of Linnean science to argue that because women had only two breasts, as compared to, say, a wolf's many teats, our kind is likely not innately carnivorous: "Breasts," writes Stuart, "were not just symbols of gentle nourishment and innocence, they bore scientific testimony to humanity's original herbivorous nature." And he examines the effects of Darwinian theory on various strains of vegetarian thought, one of them the ideology propounded by Adolf Hitler, who seems to have thought that eating meat could "purify" him of any Jewishness flowing through his veins. Culinary and cultural history intertwined: readable, and endlessly interesting. Copyright ©Kirkus Reviews, used with permission.
《图书馆杂志》(Library Journal )书评
In his first book, historian and freelance writer Stuart explores the advocacy of vegetarianism by numerous individuals and groups in the West from 1600 to the present. Examining various vegetarian practices, he identifies common trends and beliefs while doing important work in highlighting connections between vegetarian advocates and political and social trends. Stuart also profiles influential individuals in the movement, providing historical context; for example, he thoroughly examines the beliefs and impact of 18th-century British vegetarian George Cheyne. Overall, this work is extensively researched and includes detailed descriptions of ideological arguments advocating vegetarianism. Though Stuart himself does not aim to promote vegetarianism, a pro-vegetarian viewpoint is evident throughout. With 24 pages of color illustrations; suitable for undergraduate and graduate readers.-Kristin Whitehair, Kansas State Univ. Libs., Manhattan (c) Copyright 2010. Library Journals LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Media Source, Inc. No redistribution permitted.
目录
List of Illustrations | p. ix |
Acknowledgements | p. xv |
Introduction | p. xvii |
I Grass Roots | |
1 Bushell's Bushel, Bacon's Bacon and The Great Instauration | p. 3 |
2 John Robins: The Shakers' God | p. 15 |
3 Roger Crab: Levelling the Food Chain | p. 26 |
4 Pythagoras and the Sages of India | p. 39 |
5 'This proud and troublesome Thing, called Man': Thomas Tryon, the Brahmin of Britain | p. 60 |
6 John Evelyn: Salvation in a Salad | p. 78 |
7 The Kabbala Stripped Naked | p. 89 |
8 Men should be Friends even to Brute Beasts: Isaac Newton and the Origins of Pagan Theology | p. 97 |
9 Atheists, Deists and the Turkish Spy | p. 115 |
II Meatless Medicine | |
10 Dieting with Dr Descartes | p. 131 |
11 Tooth and Nail: Pierre Gassendi and the Human Appendix | p. 138 |
12 The Mitre and the Microscope: Philippe Hecquet's Catholic Fast Food | p. 151 |
13 Dr Cheyne's Sensible Diet | p. 163 |
14 Clarissa's Calories | p. 181 |
15 Rousseau and the Bosoms of Nature | p. 194 |
16 The Counter-Vegetarian Mascot: Pope's Happy Lamb | p. 215 |
17 Antonio Cocchi and the Cure for Scurvy | p. 227 |
18 The Sparing Diet: Scotland's Vegetarian Dynasty | p. 236 |
III Romantic Dinners | |
19 Diet and Diplomacy: Eating Beef in the Land of the Holy Cow | p. 259 |
20 John Zephaniah Holwell: Voltaire's Hindu Prophet | p. 275 |
21 The Cry of Nature: Killing in the Name of Animal Rights in the French Revolution | p. 295 |
22 The Marquis de Valady faces the Guillotine | p. 313 |
23 Bloodless Brothers | p. 331 |
24 John 'Walking' Stewart and the Utility of Death | p. 347 |
25 To Kill a Cat: Joseph Ritson's Politics of Atheism | p. 361 |
26 Shelley and The Return to Nature | p. 372 |
27 The Malthusian Tragedy: Feeding the World | p. 399 |
Epilogue. Vegetarianism and the Politics of Ecology: Thoreau, Gandhi and Hitler | p. 418 |
Abbreviations | p. 448 |
Bibliography | p. 450 |
Notes | p. 518 |
Index | p. 608 |