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摘要
摘要
Over the course of human history, the sciences, and biology in particular, have often been manipulated to cause immense human suffering. For example, biology has been used to justify eugenic programs, forced sterilization, human experimentation, and death camps--all in an attempt to support notions of racial superiority. By investigating the past, the contributors to Biology and Ideology from Descartes to Dawkins hope to better prepare us to discern ideological abuse of science when it occurs in the future.
Denis R. Alexander and Ronald L. Numbers bring together fourteen experts to examine the varied ways science has been used and abused for nonscientific purposes from the fifteenth century to the present day. Featuring an essay on eugenics from Edward J. Larson and an examination of the progress of evolution by Michael J. Ruse, Biology and Ideology examines uses both benign and sinister, ultimately reminding us that ideological extrapolation continues today. An accessible survey, this collection will enlighten historians of science, their students, practicing scientists, and anyone interested in the relationship between science and culture.
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Russian American philosopher Ayn Rand is credited with the creation of objectivism, an ideology built upon a foundation of an objective reality that exists independent of human consciousness. Contact with this reality is limited to what can be accomplished through sense perception. Editors Alexander (St. Edmund's College, Cambridge, UK) and Numbers (Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison) join 12 other experts in an in-depth exploration of how this disconnect has led to a history of abuse surrounding the application of scientific knowledge. While the scientific method is often considered an objective method employed to make contact with an objective reality, the scientists themselves are immersed in cultures with deep ideologies that exert a powerful influence on the analysis and extrapolation of scientific information. As the book's title implies, the contributors present their arguments within a historical framework that originates with the Enlightenment and ends with contemporary atheist apologetics. The extensively referenced text presents arguments surrounding biology's influence on a diverse array of ideologies, including Nazism, Marxism, Lysenkoism, materialism, naturalism, and vitalism. The most recognizable and well-developed example presented is the application of evolutionary theory to the eugenics movement. Summing Up: Essential. History and philosophy of biology collections serving upper-division undergraduates and above. J. A. Hewlett Finger Lakes Community College
目录
IntroductionDenis R. Alexander and Ronald L. Numbers |
Chapter 1 The cultural authority of natural history in early modern EuropePeter Harrison |
Chapter 2 Biology, atheism, and politics in eighteenth-century FranceShirley A. Roe |
Chapter 3 Eighteenth-century uses of vitalism in constructing the human sciencesPeter Hanns Reill |
Chapter 4 Biology in the service of natural theology: Paley, Darwin, and the Bridgewater TreatisesJonathan R. Topham |
Chapter 5 Race, empire, and biology before DarwinismSujit Sivasundaram |
Chapter 6 Darwin's choiceNicolaas Rupke |
Chapter 7 Biology and the emergence of the Anglo-American eugenics movementEdward J. Larson |
Chapter 8 Genetics, eugenics, and the HolocaustPaul Weindling |
Chapter 9 Darwinism, Marxism, and genetics in the Soviet UnionNikolai Krementsov |
Chapter 10 Evolution and the idea of social ProgressMichael Ruse |
Chapter 11 Beauty and the beast? Conceptualizing sex in evolutionary narrativesErika Lorraine Milam |
Chapter 12 Creationism, intelligent design, and modern biologyRonald L. Numbers |
Chapter 13 The ideological uses of evolutionary biology in recent atheist apologeticsAlister E. McGrath |
Acknowledgments |
Notes |
Contributors |
Index |