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Chapter One Family Album Oh how fortunate I was to have been born poor ... Had my formative years been passed in more assured circumstances I might easily have slipped into precociousness; as it was I merely had to slip out of precociousness and bring home the bacon. Noel Coward's diary, 21 December 1967 With impeccable timing Noel Coward was born on I6 December 1899, just in time to catch the fleeting grandeur of the old century. This seemed to endow him with a vital sense of his country's past. When a cartoon was published around the time of the hugely successful Cavalcade, depicting a baby Noel taking notes in his pram, the cartoonist was nearer to the truth than he knew. Even from his birth, Coward's life was defined by myth. The future genius of the stage is supposed to have sprung from the anonymity of suburbia and an unremarkable family background: the effect was to make the legend of Noel Coward - the self-created celebrity - all the more extraordinary. The truth is rather different. Behind the bland redbrick of his birthplace is a story more interesting than he intimated: a tale of fallen fortunes which would perceptibly influencehis life and work. Coward's obsession with class and status - so resonant in his dramas - can be traced to an awareness of his own ancestry. Far from being merely the son of an impoverished south London family, Coward's forebears included high-ranking naval officers and public servants, literary and musical noteworthies - he could even claim royal and aristocratic connections. It was partly his mother's knowledge of this antecedence that would fire Coward's social climb; and in order to understand the sometimes tenuous nature of the position he achieved, it is necessary to recall the accomplishments of his ancestors. Coward wrote of his mother, Violet, that she came from `good family ... brought up in the tradition of being a gentlewoman'. Her family were of Scottish descent and definite, if somewhat eroded, gentility: the Veitches of later years were to evince the snobbery of a line formerly grand, now diminished - a concern with `good families' inherited by both Coward and his mother. In 1922 Violet and her sister Vida wrote to the office of the Lord Lygon King of Arms, enquiring about the Veitch family crest and whether Noel could use it. He could not, but the existence of a crest practically ennobled the family in his mother's eyes. She boasted of other notable connections: a cousin, Rachel Veitch, had married John Haig of Bemersyde, being described as `daughter of a family who thought themselves socially superior to the Haigs but were too poor to endow their daughter'. Rachel's fifth son was Douglas, later Field Marshal Earl Haig; and the Veitches' familial home at Dawyck (pronounced Doick), near Peebles, featured in John Buchan's John Burnett of Barns, a Veitch of Dawyck as its heroine. Examining his literary provenance, Coward noted, `I believe that a certain Miss Veitch, a far-flung-back ancestress of my mother's, who lived in Dawick House, Moffat, near the Scottish border, wrote a number of spirited novels at the beginning of the nineteenth century.' Other notable members of this border gentry family included the nurseryman John Veitch, the classical scholar William Veitch, the professor of philosophy John Veitch; and through marriage the family could claim kinship with Sir Robert Torrens, the first premier of Australia, and the explorer Mungo Park. But of Coward's immediate maternal ancestors, it was his great-grandfather, Henry Veitch, who was famous, even infamous. Born in Selkirk, he was appointed consul-general to Madeira by George III in 1809, a post which paid him a substantial 800[pounds] per annum. He was an ambitious man, wealthy and handsome, owning five quintas and large tracts of land, and well liked by the locals. When HMS Northumberland anchored at Funchal harbour on 23 August 1815, carrying the defeated Emperor Napoleon to his exile in St Helena, Veitch erred in addressing the prisoner as `Your Majesty' rather than `General', a mistake said to have cost him his post; but the real reason was his meddling in island politics. He secretly sided with the constitutionalists who sought independence from Portugal, and the foreign secretary, Lord Aberdeen, ordered his return to England. However, the locals demanded his reinstatement, and Veitch was reappointed by Lord Palmerston, remaining consul until he was dismissed for the second and final time in 1835. Veitch had again become embroiled in politics, and during a constitutional crisis, had virtually appointed himself acting governor. His private life was also called into question; he had married Margaret Harrison (sister of Sir George Harrison, Secretary to the Treasury) in1808, but was known to have sired many illegitimate children by various mistresses in Madeira, and had the reputation of being `one of the greatest sinners on the island'.(*) He was frowned upon for not attending church, preferring to spend the weekends at his country house promoting weekly balls; Henry Veitch was a committed socialite. When he began to interfere in clerical matters, it was the last straw. A keen amateur architect, he had designed and built the English Church (complete with a masonic all-seeing eye), and his lordly behaviour to its cleric brought a formal complaint from the Bishop of London. Palmerston, weary of the trouble Veitch was causing, dismissed him in December 1835. By now Veitch had a legitimate family to support. His eldest son, Coward's grandfather, Henry Gordon Veitch, had been born in Madeira on 29 July 1814. After schooling in Switzerland, Henry Gordon entered the Royal Naval College at Dartmouth in 1828, where he won prizes for his drawing (Violet Coward recalled that her asthmatic father `was never really fond of the sea but always wanted to be an artist'). As a child Coward remembered seeing his grandfather's water-colours in a leather-bound album. `He was good at mountains and clouds and ships, and reflections in the sea, but consciously bad at figures,.so he frequently cut these out from coloured prints and stuck them ... on to his blue mountains, to give them life.' Henry Gordon Veitch spent twenty years in the navy as a surveyor, rising in rank to lieutenant (not captain or commander as the family later claimed), and married his sister's governess, `a lovely French girl'; a daughter, Barbara, was born in Madeira.([dagger]) But Henry's first wife died young, and he had been a widower for some years when he was posted to the west coast of Ireland, where he met Mary Kathleen Synch, a pretty Irish girl with blonde hair and blue eyes only two years older than his daughter. They were married at Sneem, a fishing village in County Kerry, and had two daughters. Henry's asthma had worsened, and on 15 April 1848 he was discharged from HMS Powerful. He retired to England and settled in London. Violet romanticised the life of her parents before her birth: `After a round of gaiety, they left England for Madeira . . . My father of course entertained a great deal, when any of the fleet arrived.' On one such occasion the Duke of Edinburgh (Queen Victoria's second son) was at a ball, `and asked for Barbara to be presented to him, and danced with her'. In August 1862, the family arrived in London, settling in Westbourne Park Road, a quiet, respectable middle-class d strict. Violet found it odd that they should have gone there, considering her father's health, but noted, with her customary preening tone, `their great friends the Count and Countess Irme Bella were living in London, otherwise I can see no reason...' The following January her father's asthma, accentuated by a severe attack of bronchitis, killed him,(*) leaving Mary, his twenty-six-year-old wife, pregnant with Noel Coward's mother. Veitch had neglected to make a will, and all his money - some 3,000[pounds] - went to probate. Count Irme Bella and Henry's solicitors tried to sort matters out, but a number of debts had to be paid off by Henry's brother George, and the family were left with little to live on; what money was left from Henry's estate was supplemented by his navalpension, which Mary was entitled to draw. It was the beginning of the fall from grace of the Veitch family. Mary Veitch's fourth daughter, Noel's mother, Violet Agnes, was born on 20 April 1863 at 6 Cornwall Terrace, her mother's address being 31 Nutford Place, off the Edgware Road, where they had moved, presumably due to financial constraints. A time of transience had begun; although the family now consisted of four girls and two boys, Mary had to move to a smaller house in St John's Wood. Here Violet spent the first six years of her life, until a further removal was necessary, this time to the country, where it was cheaper to live. They settled in Chobham, Surrey, then pure countryside. Her elder siblings went to school, while Violet stayed at hume with her sister Laura, taught by a governess. Violet was growing up, and had become aware of her appearance; she thought herself rather plain, with fair hair scraped back `off my very high forehead'. She was a clever child, and quite solitary. Noel's adolescent friend, Esme Wynne, later described Violet as `an extraordinary woman ... [she1 was, in a way, a preparation for Noel . . . She looked like a little parrot, and so did her sister. They both had little beaky noses...' Violet developed a talent for music, and before the family left London could play barrel-organ tunes on the piano; a family friend would give her a penny to sing, and Violet always made sure she was paid in advance for her efforts. Perhaps the absence of a father encouraged the Veitch children to be particularly naughty. Violet's brother Henry was expelled from the Royal Naval College at Dartmouth for refusing to salute a captain, and at eight Violet ran off to London with the family housemaid, Ellen, although she returned the same day. When she was implicated as a go-between in a romance of Laura's, their mother decided to send her two younger daughters to be `finished' at a bleak nunnery outside Brussels. Here Violet became ill; she was delirious for days and no one did much about it. After the fever subsided, Violet found she had become slightly deaf. `That illness really spoilt my life', she wrote bitterly, laying at least part of the blame on the nuns. It provoked a distrust of religion which her son inherited. It also indirectly bequeathed another legacy to Coward: precise enunciation, his speech clipped for her benefit. Violet returned to a new home, the family having moved from Maidenhead to South Norwood, close to well-to-do Aunt Henrietta and her husband, Alexander Oliveira. Mary Veitch was also proud of her acquaintance with the Bulteels, whom she met when she collected her pension from the Admiralty, and with whom Violet and Laura would often stay. The Bulteels were a `good family' from Devon with a strong naval tradition and royal connections, and when their son Henry married Laura in 1879, Mary Veitch found it a satisfactory match. But Violet had her share of suitors, and she was engaged for three weeks to a William Glanville Richards. Years later, Coward would draw on such tales of his mother's early affairs; a figure as strong and as close to him as she was would naturally emerge in his work. In his Ruritanian romance, The Queen was in the Parlour, a duchess, colourful representative of an older generation, tells the young lovers, `it's easier to follow other people's machinations than your own heart'; towhich the heroine replies, `No! Follow your heart always - if possible!' `That sounds very fine in theory,' says the duchess, `but in practice it's often dismally unsuccessful. I've done it several times with the most devastating results.' The family moved again, to a yet smaller house, in Harlesden, northwest London. Her brother George supported the family by working as a clerk, but, like their Uncle George, developed tuberculosis, and died at the age of twenty-three. Two years later, in 1885, the family made its final move, this time to a quieter, almost rural area, recalling happier days at Chobham. Teddington-on-Thames was little changed since Alexander Pope and Horace Walpole had chosen it for their out-of-town retreats in the eighteenth century. The Veitches settled in Udney Park Road, in a villa which Mary named `Dawick' in echo of former Veitch grandeur. Here the family lived `a trifle sadly, making over last year's dresses and keeping up social appearances'. And here, where the river Thames flowed lazily by before it reached London, Noel Peirce Coward was born. Like the Veitches, whom they met soon after they arrived in Teddington, the Coward family too had aspired to greater things, hopes frustrated by the loss of the head of their household. Noel's paternal great-grandfather, William Coward, had been a surveyor (as had Henry Gordon Veitch), living at Heston in Middlesex, where his son James Coward was born on 25 January 1824. There was already musical talent in the family; as a young boy, James was admitted into the Westminster Abbey choir, distinguishing himself in solo performances. His first job was as organist to the parish church of Lambeth, and there he met and married Janet Margaret Munro in 1852. Janet was the daughter of Gordon Munro, who worked for the Board of Ordnance at the War Office in Pall Mall, and lived in Charles Street, off St James's Square. She was just eighteen when she married James Coward, and the marriage appears to have been a happy one. It was certainly fruitful: Janet gave birth to six sons and four daughters, the family lived in Pimlico, at 176 Cambridge Street, later moving to 38 Lupus Street, with three servants - a cook, a housemaid, and a nurse. It was at Cambridge Street that Arthur Sabin Coward was born, on 20 November 1856. The second of James's and Janet's sons, he owed his middle name to the vicar, Reverend John Edward Sabin, who had married his parents at St James's Church in Westminster. James Coward became resident organist at the Crystal Palace, where he gave recitals on gala evenings; a programme for one such evening reads: `After the Display, the Palace will be brilliantly Illuminated for Promenade until 10.30, during which Mr James Coward will perform on the Handel Festival Organ.' He also became the conductor of glee clubs at Westminster Abbey and in the City, and organist to St George's Church, Bloomsbury, the Sacred Harmonic Society, and the Grand Lodge of Freemasons. His membership of the freemasons (of which Henry Veitch was also a member) facilitated such valued appointments, but James had talent too. His substantial entry in the Dictionary of National Biography notes that `his compositions are not numerous, but they show considerable refinement and musical knowledge, as well as an earnestness of aim for which he was scarcely given credit by those who were accustomed to hear his operatic selections or transcriptions for theorgan'. It adds rather sniffily, `it is to be regretted that so great a power of improvisation as he possessed should so often have been turned to account to provide musical accompaniment for acrobatic displays'. But James Coward was another victim of tuberculosis. After three years of suffering, he died on 22 January 1880, aged fifty-five, leaving his wife, like Mary Veitch, to care for a large family. Unlike Henry Gordon Veitch, however, James had made a will, leaving just under 600[pounds] to his wife. Later that year, the Cowards moved to a more modest house at 4 Amyand Park Road, Twickenham, along the river from Teddington. Of the fate of Noel's paternal uncles and aunts, so numerous in number, little is known. James's musical career was marred by heavy drinking; Randulph married and lived close to the family home. Walter was the grandest, a Gentleman-in-Ordinary of the Chapel Royal at St James's Palace, where he also held the office of Librarian of the Chapel Royal's music. The most interesting uncle was Percy, the black sheep of the family, who was said to have married a `professional pianist', had a daughter, deserted both, and was never heard of again, `with the exception of a few vague rumours from Australia'. In fact, he had married the daughter of a civil servant in Islington in 1891; Aunt Kitty was a pianist, however, and joined in the Coward family's Twickenham concerts. Like his father, Percy sang alto in the Westminster Abbey choir, and a tenor from the Chapel Royal recalled that his voice `excelled any woman I ever heard ... he could interpret many arias by Handel and other early composers neglected by most singers'. After touring Canada with a group of Westminster Abbey singers, Percy settled in Toronto as a singing teacher. But like his nephew, he had a restless spirit, and deserting Kitty (who returned to London), Percy left for Australia where he died shortly afterwards. Of Noel's paternal aunts, only Ida and Myrrha featured in his life. Ida married W. R. Makeham, and ran a boarding house in Ebury Street; their son became a great friend of Noel's brother Eric. Myrrha married John William Alcock, a civil servant at the Office of Works; her daughter, Ida Doris, born in 1898, was Noel's favourite cousin. The one great unifying joy for the Coward family and their father's greatest legacy was their love of music. Since his early teens, when he was at Kings College School in London (where he won prizes for his drawing), Arthur had earned an early living as a `choral exhibitor'; like his son, he came young to professional entertainment. He and his siblings swelled the ranks of the Twickenham Choral Society; Randulph organised evenings of entertainment with the Teddington Glee Club, in which he, Arthur and Walter Makeham all sang. But the great Mecca of all musical ambition in that part of London was further up the river, on the banks of Teddington Lock. Teddington society - a shade grander than its downstream counterpart - centred on the new parish church of St Albans, dubbed `the Cathedral of the Thames Valley' by John Betjeman, who described it as looking like a little piece of Westminster Abbey stranded up-river. Built in 1887 by a local architect, William Niven (father of David Niven and a neighbour of the Veitches at Udney Park), this grandiose Victorian gothic pile rose above the river at the lock. Its vicar was Francis Leith Boyd, who was given to `furious outbursts' from the pulpit; he was popular enough to fill the church to overflowing when he delivered his fiery sermons. In the late 1880s the Cowards moved to Teddington and a house at Coleshill Road. Their musical talents assured them of a major role in the parish life of the new church: Arthur's elder brother James became responsible for the `highly ambitious character' of the church's programme of music, creating `on the musical side a tradition which could compare with any leading London church'. James presided at St Albans all year, except during August, when he went to Paris to relieve Guilmant as organist at Notre-Dame. It was in the St Albans church choir that Violet Veitch met Arthur Coward. Arthur, in his early thirties, worked as a correspondence clerk in the warehouse of Metzler's, the music publishers whose head office was in Great Marlborough Street, where he travelled daily by train from Teddington station. He graduated to salesman, and Sir Henry Wood, conductor of the promenade concerts, recalled `very enjoyable times in Metzler's going through the marvellous Mustel organs that they used to sell, and no one ever displayed them with such a wonderful technique as did Arthur Coward'. Arthur was quite handsome, described by his son as `very spruce', often with a blue cornflower in his buttonhole, proud of the cold baths he took both in summer and in winter. From his childhood, Coward recalled a framed photograph of his father `looking tenacious and distinctly grim'. The grimness came from his brows, which pinched together, a feature inherited by his son - a mark of determination in Noel, but not apparently in his father. Arthur led an ordinary life, the model of a dapper office worker commuting to London; regular in his habits, with certain passions, most evidently for music. Esme Wynne remembered `a very shadowy person, but even there Noel seemed to inherit a little of his real fondness for music .. . He could play rather charming things by heart, he composed them as he went along.' In photographs Arthur Coward appears a slight figure, perceptibly stooped. But he was quite as tall as his son in maturity, and shared his sense of humour. Noel recalled him at one of his early theatrical parties at Ebury Street: `Have a tongue sandwich,' Arthur said to Jane Cowl, the leopardskin-clad temptress then starring in Easy Virtue, `that'll make you talk.' He also had a certain affability: Cole Lesley remembered him using what he thought `unnecessary charm' on the grocer's boy. If this amounted to flirtation, it worked on Violet Veitch; there was little else about Arthur which would make him an irresistible consort. Few of Noel Coward's friends could remember much about him, let alone anything remarkable. It was said that, like his elder brother James, he drank too much and in later years became an alcoholic; but in 1890, he seemed a good catch to Violet.(*) The courtship was conducted at church services, and at amateur theatricals such as The Gondoliers, staged at the Town Hall, with the family Coward out in strength in the principal parts, Violet demure in the chorus. Comparatively old in Victorian terms (Arthur was thirty-four, Violet twenty-seven), they were married on 8 October 1890 at St Albans, and rented `Helmsdale', 5 Waldegrave Road, a typical late Victorian semi-detached, with three floors of modest-sized rooms. It was a respectable neighbourhood; at the end of the road was Horace Walpole's gothick villa, Strawberry Hill, then occupied by Frances Waldegrave, society hostess and rumoured mistress of Edward, Princeof Wales. Teddington High Street was close, as was the Thames, along whose pleasant tree-lined banks they would walk, crossing the river by a narrow iron footbridge. `I remember the smell of rotting leaves', Coward later wrote; `In the autumn quietness of suburban roads/ And seeing the winter river flooding/ And swirling over the tow-path by the lock.' For Violet, matrimony was no great adventure. Indeed, in her pencilled memoirs, written in the early 1930s, Arthur receives barely a mention; one would hardly know he had existed. Far more important for Violet was the birth of their first son, Russell Arthur Blackmore Coward on 1 August 1891, named after his godfather, R. D. Blackmore, author of Lorna Doone and one of Teddington's celebrities. Blackmore was `fond of young ladies especially if modest and gentle', and Violet visited his home, Gomer House, to talk and take tea; Blackmore's wife had died in 1888, and Violet was a consolation to the novelist. After Violet's marriage the friendship persisted, Blackmore liking Arthur whom he regarded as `an accomplished musician and genial friend'; he went so far as to break with his usual custom and call upon the Cowards at Waldegrave Road. `What a peaceful and delightful baby!' wrote Blackmore. `I shall be proud to have such a little godson; who deserves, and (I trust) will have a very happy life . . .' Russell was the focus of his parents' attentions, `so lovely and so clever, too clever', recalled Violet, who noted that her first son developed musical talent at a much earlier age than did her second (raising the possibility that the great man of music and theatre might have been named Russell Coward). Blackmore doted on Russell, and sent his pony carriage to take the boy driving, promising to give Russell the white pony for his own when he was old enough. He even ordered a saddle to be made for his godson. `Our lives were wrapped up in his, and those six years were so happy', wrote Violet. But aged six and a half, Russell developed spinal meningitis. It killed him within days. Violet became seriously ill, `and longed and longed to die'. And yet she had recovered enough, nine months later, to conceive another son. `Everyone was amazed when it became known that I was to have another baby,' she recalled, `and though my feelings were mixed, I did so long to feel baby arms round my neck again.' Having lost her first, Violet's second child would be that much more precious, and that much more important. She would not let go of him easily. On the afternoon of 15 December 1899, Violet was standing at the window of `our cosy little home'. Outside it was beginning to snow. The time seemed right for her new child, and she suddenly felt the first contractions. By two-thirty the next morning, she was delivered of a baby boy, weighing a healthy seven and a half pounds, with golden brown hair. `He was a fine big baby, and oh the joy of him!' The boy was named Noel, it being so close to Christmas; and Peirce, after friends whom the Veitches had known in Harlesden. Jessie (`Flower') Peirce was his godmother and the cause of a second name which Coward despised almost as soon as he could pronounce it. Emma Adams, who had nursed Russell, took charge in the nursery as Violet's ill-health, exacerbated by the birth, meant that once more she took toher bed. Christmas was a quiet affair at Helmsdale, subdued because of illness in the family: on Boxing Day, Arthur's mother Janet died of cancer. Violet was still ill and unable to organise Noel's first social engagement until 11 February 1900, when he was christened at St Albans by the Bishop of Kingston, with the Reverend Boyd's family in attendance. The reception was held at Waldegrave Road, where baby Noel was brought down from the nursery wearing his fine Madeira-worked gown, to be admired by family and friends. With the new year came a new century, and a changing world. The relief of Mafeking was announced, restoring British supremacy in South Africa and heralding a brief period of glory that would shape Coward's view of the world. Street barrel-organs played patriotic songs such as `Goodbye, Dolly, I Must Leave You' and `We Are the Soldiers of the Queen'; these lodged as early memories, resurfacing in Coward's work to evoke the past. Queen Victoria's death in 1901 was a breakpoint; even after Cavalcade, Noel was embroidering on the scene in free verse: When Queen Victoria died And was buried and the gun-carriage was dragged empty away again The shops re-opened and so did the theatres Although business was none too good . . . And it looked as if nothing much had happened And perhaps nothing much had really Except that an era, an epoch, an attitude of mind, was ended. The gay Edwardian era replaced the dourness of the previous century, and the theatre flourished under the reign of the actor-managers. New technology evolved - gramophone, telephone, wireless and the first tabloid newspapers - all important to the propagation of the future dramatist's career. Eighteen months after Noel's birth the family took a larger house, shared with Grandmother Mary and Aunt Vida. At the top of the new house, Violet and Arthur had two rooms knocked into one, so that Baba (as baby Noel called himself) could run about, dressed in the skirts habitually worn by unhousetrained children, gripping his inseparable companion, a toy monkey. He was `very forward and amusing', cooed Violet. As she admitted, `I am sadly afraid he was very much spoilt', a consequence of Russell's early death; when an innocuous lump appeared on the baby's tongue, Violet immediately sent for the doctor. Noel was already demanding more than his share of attention. A bell had been fixed up in the nursery, and during Violet's At Homes, Baba was dressed and ready to make an appearance should he be summoned by the bell. No ring, and there would be a ruction in the nursery; but if it did sound all was sweetness and light, as Baba was brought down to shake hands with everyone. Violet played the piano, while the infant phenomenon held up his silk frock delicately and danced for the general amusement of all. Songs seemed important even in his earliest days. Coward noted that he was `born into a generation that still took light music seriously. The lyrics and melodies of Gilbert and Sullivan' - which he later professed to dislike, and yet which appeared to be a discernible influence on hiswork - were `hummed and strummed into my consciousness at an early age ... By the time I was four years old "Take a Pair of Sparkling Eyes", "Tit Willow", "We're Very Wide Awake, the Moon and I", and "I Have a Song to Sing-O" had been fairly inculcated into my bloodstream.' It comes as no surprise to learn that the child was `highly strung', and when a visiting doctor friend witnessed Baba's antics he pronounced that the boy's brain was too far in advance of his body, that his curls should be shorn and all further social invitations summarily refused. By Christmas 1903 he had grown `big and strong' enough to be taken to his first theatre at Kingston to see Aladdin. The boy sat `quite quietly all the time, watching, watching!' The following year, when Noel was four years old, the Cowards left Teddington for good (Coward recalled that `economy forced us to leave in rather a hurry'), with a vague idea of emigrating to Australia. Their furniture in store, they spent six months at the seaside, first at Bognor, then at Brighton, where Noel's theatre visits resumed, going to matinees `whenever there was anything suitable on, like a revue, or a musical show'. It was a happy time for Violet and her son, and she seemed reluctant to move again; but the imminence of another baby made more permanent accommodation necessary. There were other changes in family circumstances too: Arthur Coward had joined a newly established piano firm, Payne's, as a traveller. He was away from home a great deal, and once went as far as Naples. His absence from the family strengthened his wife's matriarchal control, and intensified her relationship with her son. Soon after their arrival at Lenham Road in Sutton, Violet gave birth to her third son. Eric Vidal Coward was born on I3 July 1905, `bright red and singularly unattractive', as Noel recalled, `but everyone else was delighted with him'. He gave no hint of jealousy, nor should he have done, for Violet's affections, energies and love were always his; the rest of the family was subordinate to that fact. Noel had his first taste of formal education at a small local primary school in Sutton. Violet had been unsuccessful in teaching her son to tie his laces, and the teachers at the school refused to perform this function. His outraged mother promptly took him away. At six he was sent to St Margaret's, a girls' day school whose headmistress was a Miss Willington, a prim figure in puffed sleeves and pinned-up hair. Noel did not care for her, or her school, and was `really very naughty'. Emma used to take Noel to the school in the morning, but he would escape and run home again. One day Miss Willington caught him and pulled him back. He kicked out furiously and bit his schoolmistress's arm down to the bone; `an action', recalled the adult Coward, `which I have never for an instant regretted'. The wilfulness of the young Coward's act was an indication of the headstrong and demanding adult-to-be. Demure in sailor suit or stern in a succession of outsize Eton collars, early photographs show decidedly determined features; from grinning baby to smiling young boy, there was a self-assurance, as if he knew what he was and what he was going to be. Miss Willington, against all expectations, liked Noel, and was proud of his obvious cleverness, `for he was beginning to develop musical talent, and had a sweet voice'. The schoolmistress, herself of a theatricaldisposition, arranged for Coward to sing at a school concert, to which she had invited two or three `London artists' to make it more interesting. His first public appearance came at the school's end-of-term prize-giving on 23 July 1907. Clad in a spotless white sailor suit, he sang `Coo' from Lionel Monckton's A Country Girl, with its plaintive refrain: Hark to the sound of `coo-oo-oo!' Calling for me and you-ou-ou, For me and you-ou, Whether through darkest storm we go, Or under sky of blue, Nothing shall sever I will be ever True to my `Coo-oo-oo!' This was followed by a winsome song on the subject of spring for which Noel accompanied himself on the piano. The resultant applause demanded an encore, but Coward was to learn early that public approbation does not always bring official rewards. Despite his rapturous reception, he watched as all the prizes disappeared from the top table, and Violet took him home quite unaware that her son had expected one too. Back at Lenham Road he ran inside and threw himself down on the sofa, yelling and crying. Violet, rather than reprimanding him, felt sorry for Noel; had she been harsher, such scenes might not have been repeated (as they were) even in middle age. The person responsible for introducing Coward formally to music was Gwen Kelly, a school friend of his mother's, who often came to stay. Kelly, with her `large mournful Irish eyes' and smart tailormade clothes, was a good singer and musician (Esme Wynne later noted that Kelly `played well and looked hideous'). However, Coward could remember no piano lessons as a boy, `except occasionally from my mother who tried once or twice, with singular lack of success, to teach me my notes. I could, however, from the age of about seven onwards, play on the piano in the pitch dark any tune I had heard.' Even in adult life, Coward's piano-playing was limited to three keys: E flat, B flat and A flat. `The sight of two sharps frightens me to death', he confessed, and recalled that `dear George Gershwin used to moan . .. and try to force my fingers on to the right notes'. Coward would play down such early encouragement in the arts, as if to enhance the uniqueness of his own genius. He later remarked of his mother that `the sad thing was that she knew little about the theatre, but she used to take me to it on my birthday'. In fact Violet had been an avid fan since before her marriage. Their visits were formative experiences for the young playwright-to-be, waiting in the pit queue at the Hippodrome to see a `Spectacle', or in Croydon for a pantomime: as impressive were the `Panoramas' at Earls Court, long vistas painted in narrow strips to reproduce famous battles or foreign lands. At seven Noel was packed off to spend the summer with his Aunt Laura at Charlestown, near St Austell in Cornwall. Violet's sister was `kind, pretty, and vain', and, according to her descendants, `certainly very unpopular in the village of Charlestown', where she was seen as `domineering and autocratic . . . and thoroughly stand-offish'. The Bulteels' house was grand in comparison with the Cowards' Sutton villa,with Georgian furniture, fine china and silverware, and walls decorated with Chinese paintings on mirrors. In the large grounds there was a deep lake, with an unstable blue punt used to reach an island in its middle. With its hidden paths and dark green water, it was a secret playground for the young boy. Cousin Walter, his daughter recalls, `didn't much like Noel (several years his junior) and used to palm him off on his sister Violet . . .' The young Coward preferred to play with Violet Bulteel, and on later visits he wrote home, telling his mother that his cousin was teaching him to row, and that `I had some little boys over yesterday afternoon to tea and I dressed up in a short dress and danced to them and sung to them and we all went round the lake and on it to[o].' Noel returned to London to find further family upheaval. Payne's Pianos had gone bust, and Arthur had lost his job (a possible reason for Noel's Cornish sojourn, as the Cowards sought to defray family expenses). `No money', Violet recalled, `anxious times'. They moved again, this time to 70 Prince of Wales Mansions, facing Battersea Park. Their flat was at the top of the redbrick block, with a small balcony overlooking the park and the Thames beyond. Despite their decreasing fortunes and living space, there was one major bonus; they were within the boundaries of London, an important step for a young boy whose waking thoughts were already centred on the theatre. His favourite toy was a miniature auditorium, in which Noel re-enacted Cinderella and Black-eyed Susan with cardboard cut-outs; Victorian-style penny pantomime sheets supplied an augmented cast and decor. Later he acquired a larger model, for which Arthur painted scenery and helped Noel to make different sets, on which dolls danced instead of pasteboard figures. These Noel dressed in `long chiffon draperies of different colours', fixing them on to a wire circle which he worked from the top, so that the dolls seemed to dance a ballet. `He never cared to put on a whole play, but was always trying effects, lighting with electric torches and candles', recostuming his china cast for tableaux. But Coward also showed that he had inherited the rebellious streak of the Veitches. He made friends with children in neighbouring flats, and with Noel as ringleader they would tie prams to doorknobs, ring the bells and run. Outdoors, Battersea Park provided ample space for misbehaviour: Noel was often found annoying the park-keepers by roller-skating on the pavements. If Violet's disciplinary grip on her son was slack, it may have been because financial crises continued to beset the family; with Arthur's small income and two growing boys to clothe and feed, it was difficult to maintain even a modicum of lower middle-class respectability. A desperate situation demanded a drastic solution and, like her sister-in-law, Ida, Violet took it upon herself to rent rooms. Noel enjoyed the change in arrangements, largely because it involved dressing for dinner in his high Eton collar and Norfolk jacket. But living with strangers in cramped conditions could cause fraught tempers, bickering which would resurface in Coward's dramas as echoes of family rows. To these he contributed in the clipped speech he had adopted, not only for his mother's benefit but to overcome a slight lisp. There was still the problem of his education. Uncle Walter encouraged Violet to apply to Claude Selfe's Chapel Royal School, sited in a large house in Clapham. This was a new adventure for Noel, exciting because the journey involved two tram rides to reach his destination, 385Clapham Road. Arriving at school, he hoped not to see the mortarboards of the choirboys proper on the pegs in the hall; for three days a week, they did not attend school, which meant that not only would Mr Selfe be in a better mood but there would be no bullying. Life at the school was `pretty rough', recalled Sir Thomas Armstrong, who joined in January 1908, `There were brutal and coarse "initiation ceremonies": and if I were to describe in details the things that were done to us I should hardly be believed . . .' As a dayboy, Noel could avoid the worst of the abuse, but when caught he resorted to his dramatic talents: `Once during one of these boyish pranks I pretended to faint, having kicked one of them in the fork, an unmanly performance which frightened everyone very much indeed.' On the day Noel's voice was to be tested for the Chapel Royal choir, he appeared before the organist, Dr Walter Alcock, in a higher-than-ever Eton collar, his hair plastered down. Alcock, formerly organist at Twickenham, was a lofty figure, made yet more remote by his contact with the royal family, `as well as the Almighty, [which] faintly upset his balance as a human being'. Undaunted, Coward sang Gounod's `There is a Green Hill Far Away'. He sang well, albeit dramatically, later telling Judy Garland, `I did the whole crucifixion bit - with expression. The organist, poor man, fell back in horror.' Noel and his mother were ushered out, Dr Alcock informing Mrs Coward that not only was her son too young but there was no vacancy. Violet decided that this was a good thing, as Dr Alcock obviously didn't know what he was talking about, and they all looked rather common - including Uncle Walter. Violet did, however, consider her son's master, Claude Selfe, a benevolent figure. He was fervently interested in the theatre (he had formed the New Stagers Operatic Society, which wrote and performed its own operas, as well as those of Gilbert and Sullivan), and was willing to tutor Coward later when he began to get theatre work. This in itself proved a Hazard to Noel's formal education; as Thomas Armstrong noted, `[Coward] didn't make the grade because he was always being taken out of school for dancing lessons or to play a juvenile part in some show, and his time at the Chapel Royal School was a period of his life that in later years he didn't wish to remember or to be reminded of.' In this Noel was vindicated; soon afterwards, two boys ran away from the school to escape the abuse. The allegations must have been serious, the police were called, and an enquiry set up; in consequence the school was closed, and Claude Selfe disappeared. Soon after the Chapel Royal audition debacle, Mrs Coward's paying guests left, and she decided to let the flat for six months and move to the country. `Small poverty is a greater strain in a town than in a village', her son wrote, `and Mother was country-bred, and weary of whining Cockney tradesmen and crowded buses and genteel makeshifts.' A Miss Davis rented the flat, and the Cowards left to stay with grandmother and Aunts Borby and Vida at Southsea, the pretty Georgian seaside town nestling next to its saltier neighbour, naval Portsmouth. While their parents looked for a suitable cottage, Noel and Eric enjoyed trips around the harbour and to the Isle of Wight. It was early April, and the winds whipped up the waves which crashed on to the stone-studded slopes of the breakwaters by Southsea Castle: here Noel would sit for hours, watching the gray-green sea of the Solent. The`romantic desolation' Coward saw in Southsea stirred his feelings for the sea, a love which would remain. In his short story `Ashes of Roses', the young Leonora is brought up with her uncle and aunt in a seaside boarding house (whose tenants exhibit `aggressive gentility'). Out of season, Leonora stays in the `second floor front' bedroom, where she could `kneel on clear winter nights, with the window wide open and an eiderdown wrapped around her, and look out over the dark sea ... Here, with the smell of the sea, the sound of the waves pounding the shingle and the sharp wind blowing the curtains out into the room, she could make plans for the future.' There were other attractions: the masculine charm of the naval uniforms so plentiful around Southsea, with Portsmouth just next door, and sailors represented the excitement of adventure, of travel, and of sex. That this image of tradition should also represent unconventional desires seemed a metaphor for the tensions that existed in Coward's life; passion and patriotism, desire and duty. The English sailor, with his bell-bottoms and jaunty cap, embodied cheerful masculinity, the ocean roll in his step. It was a romantic, theatrical, and irresistible image, from Lord Mountbatten - the real thing - to Graham Payn as the stage matelot. The Cowards moved to Meon, a hamlet a mile or so inland from the eastern borders of the Solent. Meon Cottage, just off the country lane that led eventually to the shore, was a farmworker's modest thatched cottage, set among the fruit smallholdings of the flat countryside. Arthur and Violet leased it from a Mrs Spurgin, who lived in the large house at the end of the drive. Tiny inside, with a spiral staircase to an even smaller upper floor, it had a country quaintness which the city dwellers appreciated. `We lived there for six months completely happily', Coward recalled, although the quaintness palled somewhat when the goat got into the outside lavatory. Poor as they were - `at times I believe there wasn't quite enough food' - they were content; a bucolic existence out of the books of Mary Webb or Sheila Kaye-Smith. On the beach, they watched the yachts parade; for Violet, a reminder of her family's past. During the Cowes Week regatta, they charted the royal arrivals, and saw the Kaiser saluted by the Fleet. That evening they had a moonlight picnic on the edge of the low sandy cliff, with Arthur Coward letting off some fireworks bought in nearby Fareham. Noel later professed to have learned a lot about country ways, claiming to be adept in tree-climbing, but Mrs Spurgin's sons declared their new neighbour `a milk sop', and useless at such activities. They would send Noel to climb a tree at the end of the Spurgins' drive, keeping him aloft `by aiming air gun bullets at his behind'. Noel took his revenge subtly, stealing from their landlady's plum trees in an afterdark raid in which the conspiratorial Violet also took part. When they thought they had been discovered, they had to lie in a ditch, giggling, for half an hour. Coward's childhood was marked by a series of dramatic accidents. In Teddington, a horse lunged at his head; in Sutton a terrier attacked him in the street, leaving him with a permanent scar on his leg. Barely had he recovered when a boy on a bicycle knocked him down, and in Bognor a horse ran at him as they were walking on the green, taking abite from behind Noel's ear. But the most serious mishap came at Meon, when he trod on a broken bottle in the sea. Violet heard violent screams, and found the water turning red: Noel had severed an artery between his toes. Laid up with a stitched foot, he recuperated in the garden, reading and writing. It was in those lazy summer afternoons in a Hampshire orchard that he wrote his first dramas. He decided to put them into production, and cast the three Spurgin sisters and his cousin Winnie in a tragedy. Extorting the girls' pocket-money, he cycled into Titchfield for props (as much ribbon as he could buy for sixpence), and an army bell tent was set up for the performance. However, his cast's lack of seriousness - they giggled and forgot their lines, an indiscipline which would ever after vex the dramatist - drove Noel to smite the eldest over the head with a wooden spade, thus ending the drama with real tears and a nasty quarrel between their respective mothers. When their summer lease expired, the family returned to Southsea for six weeks, as Miss Davis was still at Prince of Wales Mansions. But Grandmother Veitch, now seventy-two, was increasingly ill, and when the Cowards returned to Battersea, she moved into a flat at 8 I Prince of Wales Mansions, where she died on 27 November 1908. Mary Veitch, unlike her husband, was respectably solvent and left 1,519[pounds] 19s 8d, a considerable sum, to be divided among her surviving children, Vida, Laura, Violet and Etta. New funds may have prompted the decision, after Christmas 1908, to resume Noel's education at the Chapel Royal School; he was to stay with Uncle Randulph and Aunt Amy in nearby Pimlico. 1909 was a miserable year for Coward, `mother-sick' and bullied: `I am still very unhappy and I shan't get over it till I see you again . .. oh Mother do send me some money to come down to you please do I am not very happy here without you . . .' However, Coward the performer was developing apace. Noel's voice gained strength, `more full-blooded than the usual boyish treble' and soon he was performing at the church garden party at St Albans in Teddington. Violet Coward now decided that attention should focus on her son's terpsichorean talents, and he was sent to Miss Janet Thomas's Dancing Academy in Hanover Square for a six-week course early in 1910. The self-sufficient ten-year-old again made his way across London every Thursday and Friday afternoon. Violet's way of instilling independence worked a little too well: Noel amused himself en route in conversations with strangers, in which he reported an appalling home life of a drunken father, squalid tenements and malnourished siblings. `It was also a pleasant game to be discovered sobbing wretchedly in the corners of railway carriages or buses in the hope that someone would take pity on me and perhaps give me tea at Fuller's', a ploy successful on just two occasions, both Samaritans being of the cloth. One clergyman gave Noel a lecture on trusting in the Almighty; the other gave him sixpence and pinched his knee. `Of the two, I preferred the latter.' Copyright © 1995 Philip Hoare. All rights reserved.