Evolutionary ecology
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Evolutionary ecology
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出版信息:
New York : HarperCollins, c1994.
格式:
图书
物理描述:
x, 486 p. : ill. ; 25 cm.
ISBN:
9780065012255
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摘要
摘要
Presenting an evolutionary perspective on many areas of ecology, this book, includes new information on speciation, metapopulations, self-deceit, experimental ecology, modern comparative methods, null models, landscape ecology, macroecology, biodiversity and genetic engineering, equilibrium economics and other aspects of applied ecology.
目录
Preface | p. xii |
1 Background | p. 1 |
Scaling in Biology | p. 1 |
Scientific Methods and Human Knowledge | p. 2 |
Domain of Ecology: Definitions and Groundwork | p. 5 |
The Urgency of Basic Ecological Research | p. 8 |
Natural Selection | p. 10 |
Levels of Approach in Biology | p. 12 |
Debates and Progress in Ecology | p. 13 |
2 History and Biogeography | p. 16 |
Self-Replicating Molecular Assemblages | p. 16 |
The Geological Past | p. 17 |
Classical Biogeography | p. 22 |
Continental Drift | p. 24 |
3 Meteorology | p. 29 |
Earth's Physical Environment | p. 29 |
Major Determinants of Climate | p. 30 |
Local Perturbations | p. 35 |
Variations in Time and Space | p. 37 |
Global Weather Modification | p. 42 |
4 Climate and Vegetation | p. 48 |
Plant Life Forms and Biomes | p. 48 |
Microclimate | p. 49 |
Primary Production and Evapotranspiration | p. 53 |
Soil Formation and Primary Succession | p. 58 |
Ecotones and Vegetational Continua | p. 61 |
Classification of Natural Communities | p. 63 |
Aquatic Ecosystems | p. 65 |
5 Resource Acquisition and Allocation | p. 70 |
Limiting Factors and Tolerance Curves | p. 70 |
Resource Budgets and the Principle of Allocation | p. 72 |
Time, Matter, and Energy Budgets | p. 73 |
Leaf Tactics | p. 75 |
Foraging Tactics and Feeding Efficiency | p. 78 |
Physiological Ecology | p. 83 |
Physiological Optima and Tolerance Curves | p. 84 |
Energetics of Metabolism and Movement | p. 86 |
Adaptation and Deterioration of Environment | p. 90 |
Heat Budgets and Thermal Ecology | p. 93 |
Water Economy in Desert Organisms | p. 97 |
Other Limiting Materials | p. 98 |
Sensory Capacities and Environmental Cues | p. 99 |
Adaptive Suites | p. 100 |
Design Constraints | p. 103 |
6 Rules of Inheritance | p. 110 |
Basic Mendelian Genetics | p. 110 |
Nature versus Nurture | p. 115 |
Selfish Genes | p. 116 |
Population Genetics | p. 117 |
Maintenance of Variability | p. 118 |
Units of Selection | p. 120 |
Genetic Engineering | p. 122 |
7 Evolution and Natural Selection | p. 124 |
Agents of Evolution | p. 124 |
Types of Natural Selection | p. 124 |
Ecological Genetics | p. 126 |
Allopatric and Sympatric Speciation | p. 127 |
Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms | p. 128 |
Galapagos Finches | p. 129 |
8 Vital Statistics of Populations | p. 134 |
Individuals Versus Populations | p. 134 |
Life Tables and Tables of Reproduction | p. 135 |
Net Reproductive Rate and Reproductive Value | p. 142 |
Stable Age Distribution | p. 147 |
Leslie Matrices | p. 148 |
Intrinsic Rate of Natural Increase | p. 150 |
Demographic and Environmental Stochasticity | p. 153 |
Evolution of Reproductive Tactics | p. 154 |
Reproductive Effort | p. 155 |
Expenditure per Progeny | p. 160 |
Patterns in Avian Clutch Sizes | p. 163 |
Evolution of Death Rates and Old Age | p. 169 |
Joint Evolution of Rates of Reproduction and Mortality | p. 171 |
9 Population Growth and Regulation | p. 177 |
Verhulst-Pearl Logistic Equation | p. 177 |
Derivation of the Logistic Equation | p. 182 |
Density Dependence and Density Independence | p. 182 |
Opportunistic versus Equilibrium Populations | p. 184 |
Population Regulation | p. 188 |
Population "Cycles": Cause and Effect | p. 193 |
10 Sociality | p. 200 |
Use of Space: Home Range and Territoriality | p. 200 |
Sex | p. 203 |
Sex Ratio | p. 207 |
Sexual Selection and Mating Systems | p. 211 |
Fitness and an Individual's Status in Its Population | p. 220 |
Social Behavior and Kin Selection | p. 220 |
The Evolution of Self-Deceipt | p. 225 |
11 Interactions Between Populations | p. 228 |
Direct Interactions | p. 228 |
Complex Population Interactions | p. 229 |
Mutualistic Interactions and Symbiotic Relationships | p. 231 |
Indirect Interactions | p. 236 |
12 Competition | p. 240 |
Mechanisms of Competition | p. 240 |
Lotka-Volterra Competition Equations | p. 241 |
Competitive Exclusion | p. 248 |
Balance Between Intraspecific and Interspecific Competition | p. 249 |
Evolutionary Consequences of Competition | p. 252 |
Laboratory Experiments | p. 252 |
Evidence from Nature | p. 254 |
Other Prospects | p. 264 |
13 The Ecological Niche | p. 267 |
History and Definitions | p. 267 |
The Hypervolume Model | p. 269 |
Niche Overlap and Competition | p. 271 |
Niche Dynamics | p. 274 |
Niche Dimensionality | p. 275 |
Niche Breadth | p. 279 |
Evolution of Niches | p. 289 |
14 Experimental Ecology | p. 294 |
Design of Experiments | p. 294 |
Ecological Experiments | p. 294 |
A Defaunation Experiment | p. 299 |
15 Predation and Parasitism | p. 302 |
Predation | p. 302 |
Predator-Prey Oscillations | p. 304 |
"Prudent" Predation and Optimal Yield | p. 312 |
Selected Experiments and Observations | p. 313 |
Evolutionary Consequences: Prey Escape Tactics | p. 315 |
Parasitism | p. 322 |
Epidemiology | p. 326 |
Darwinian Medicine | p. 328 |
Coevolution | p. 329 |
16 Phylogenetics in Ecology | p. 337 |
Phylogenetic Systematics | p. 337 |
Vicariance Biogeography | p. 338 |
Phylogeny and the Modern Comparative Method | p. 338 |
Phylogenetically Independent Contrasts | p. 340 |
Evolutionary Ecomorphology | p. 341 |
17 Community and Ecosystem Ecology | p. 345 |
Systems and Macrodescriptors | p. 345 |
Systems Ecology | p. 347 |
Compartmentation | p. 348 |
The Community Matrix | p. 352 |
Biogeochemical Cycles in Ecosystems | p. 355 |
Principles of Thermodynamics | p. 356 |
Pyramids of Energy, Numbers, and Biomass | p. 358 |
Energy Flow and Ecological Energetics | p. 359 |
Secondary Succession | p. 363 |
Evolutionary Convergence and Ecological Equivalence | p. 366 |
Community Evolution | p. 368 |
Pseudocommunities | p. 369 |
Landscape Ecology and Macroecology | p. 379 |
18 Biodiversity and Community Stability | p. 388 |
Saturation with Individuals and with Species | p. 388 |
Species Diversity | p. 390 |
Latitudinal Gradients in Diversity | p. 394 |
Types of Stability | p. 403 |
Community Stability | p. 406 |
19 Island Biogeography and Conservation Biology | p. 413 |
Species-Area Relationships | p. 414 |
Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography | p. 416 |
Islands as Ecological Experiments: Some Examples | p. 420 |
The Taxon Cycle | p. 422 |
Experimental Biogeography | p. 424 |
Conservation Biology | p. 424 |
References | p. 431 |
Index | p. 505 |
HarperCollins,
图书
Pianka, Eric R.
Pianka, Eric R.
1994
9780065012255
New York : HarperCollins, c1994.
5th ed.
SD_ILS:682490
577.2 P573E, 1994
Evolutionary ecology
Evolutionary ecology
Evolutionary ecology
Evolutionary ecology
Pianka, Eric R.
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