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摘要
摘要
For many generations the Northern Arapaho people thrived over a vast area of the North American Plains and Rocky Mountains. For more than a century they have lived on the Wind River Reservation in Wyoming. The reservation, the fourth largest in the country, is surrounded by vast rural lands and has been largely ignored by outsiders. As a result, the Northern Arapahos have been in some ways more isolated from mainstream American society than most Native groups. In The Four Hills of Life Jeffrey D. Anderson masterfully draws together many different aspects of the Northern Arapahos' world--myth, language, art, ritual, identity, and history--to offer a compelling picture of a culture that has endured and changed over time. Arapaho culture is seen dynamically through the ways that members of the community in the past and present experience their unique world in everyday life. Anderson shows that Northern Arapaho unity and identity from the nineteenth century through today are derived less from political centralization than from a shared system of ritual practices. The heart of this system is a complex of rituals called the beyoowu'u ("all the lodges"), which includes the Offerings Lodge, now more commonly known as the Sun Dance--a ritual still central to Northern Arapaho life. According to Anderson, the beyoowu'u and other life transition ceremonies work together to mold time and experience for the Arapahos, a life movement that also helps create social identities and transmit vital cultural knowledge. Anderson also offers an in-depth study of the problems that Euro-American society continues to impose on reservation life and the empowered responses of the Northern Arapahos to these problems.
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Anderson (Colby College) provides a comprehensive, eloquent, and astute ethnography of the Northern Arapaho of the Wind River reservation of Wyoming. His research is rooted in five and a half years of fieldwork, a careful study of the ethnographic literature, and an adept and insightful use of contemporary social theory. Anderson focuses on the acquisition and distribution of knowledge as essential to Arapaho movement through personal and communal developmental stages characterized as the four hills of life. He uses history, anthropology, and linguistics to reveal the dynamics of Arapaho society, which was based in ritual age grades and today is shifting to more kinship-based associations. Anderson astutely analyzes life movement, ritual, time, the role of women, and issues of cultural change and continuity to demonstrate how the Arapaho--who are religiously conservative yet highly innovative and adaptable--continue to maintain and strengthen their society in the face of the dominant Euro-American culture's internal and external contradictions. His work both complements and updates that of Loretta Fowler (Arapahoe Politics, 1851-1978, CH, Sep'82) and provides essential material both for students of Arapaho and Plains Indian cultures and for those interested in anthropological theory. Upper-division undergraduate students and above. R. A. Bucko Creighton University
目录
Illustrations | p. vii |
Contemporary Arapaho Orthography | p. viii |
Preface | p. ix |
Acknowledgments | p. xii |
1. The Northern Arapahos | p. 1 |
2. The Approach | p. 26 |
3. Arapaho Persons and Relations | p. 39 |
4. The Space and Time of Life Movement | p. 91 |
5. Childhood | p. 119 |
6. The Men's Age-Grade System | p. 137 |
7. Old Age and the End of Life | p. 162 |
8. Women and Life Movement | p. 173 |
9. A Total View of Life Movement | p. 185 |
10. Changes in Age Structure and Life Movement | p. 199 |
11. Arapaho Knowledge | p. 240 |
12. Euro-American Knowledge | p. 274 |
13. Conclusion | p. 322 |
Bibliography | p. 333 |
Index | p. 345 |