Handbook of research methods : a guide for practitioners and students in the social sciences

TITLE_DISPLAY:

个人著者:

Sproull, Natalie L., 1928-

出版信息:

Metuchen, N.J. : Scarecrow Press, 1988.

格式:

图书

物理描述:

xiv, 404 p., [8] leaves of plates : ill. ; 23 cm.

主题词汇:

Research -- Methodology -- Handbooks, manuals, etc.

Social sciences -- Research -- Methodology -- Handbooks, manuals, etc.

ISBN:

9780810821163

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Designed for researchers, managers, and administrators who make research-based decisions, as well as students of the social sciences and business. The entire research process, from variables to final report, is covered step by step.

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Undergraduate and graduate students in the social sciences will find this a useful handbook that provides a step-by-step approach to the design and execution of research projects. Numerous flowcharts, tables, and examples complement the clear explanations of procedures in each aspect of the research process. Terms are defined within each chapter as well as in a glossary, and refernces are provided for further study. Professional researchers will also want to consult statistics texts and advanced research manuals (e.g., Delbert Miller's Handbook of Research Design and Social Measurement, 4th ed., 1983; 3rd ed., CH, Mar '78) for more specialized and sophisticated approaches to the study of social conditions in their particular disciplines. Recommended for college and university libraries. -G. B. Thompson, Hobart and William Smith Colleges

To the Reader	p. xiii
The Research Proposal	p. 14
Demographic Measures	p. 187
Where You Are Now	p. 188
11 Designing Questionnaires or Interview Schedules	p. 189
Steps to Take After Reading This Chapter	p. 191
Reminders	p. 192
List the Variables	p. 192
Consider Demographic Variables	p. 192
Specify the Characteristics of the Respondents	p. 193
Select Mail, Telephone or Personal Approach	p. 193
Increasing Response Rates of Mailed Questionnaires	p. 193
PERT/CPM	p. 17
Determine the Amount of Structure	p. 197
Determine the Response Format	p. 197
Multiple-Choice Responses	p. 200
Dichotomous Response Format	p. 201
Open-Ended Response Format	p. 202
Write the Items	p. 204
Check the Items for Invalidating Factors	p. 204
Write the Introduction and Ending	p. 204
Determine Placement of the Items	p. 206
Complete the Questionnaire Preparation	p. 206
Where You Are Now	p. 20
Train the Questionnaire Administrator or Interviewer	p. 207
Conduct a Pilot Test	p. 211
Where You Are Now	p. 213
12 Other Types of Instruments	p. 215
Steps to Take After Reading This Chapter	p. 217
Independent and Nonindependent Responses	p. 217
Rating Scales	p. 224
Summated Rating (Likert-Type) Scales	p. 227
Thurstone Equal Appearing Interval Scale	p. 229
The Semantic Differential	p. 230
2 Determine the Variables and Operational Definitions	p. 21
The Single Anchor Scale	p. 233
Multidimensional Scaling	p. 233
Guttman Scalogram Analysis	p. 235
Rank Order Methods	p. 236
The Constant Sum Method	p. 237
The Q Technique	p. 238
Paired Comparison Method	p. 239
Checklists	p. 241
The Delphi Method	p. 242
Projective Techniques	p. 244
Steps to Take After Reading This Chapter	p. 23
Content Analysis	p. 246
Observation Instruments	p. 247
Instruments for Existing Documents, Materials and Artifacts	p. 250
Where You Are Now	p. 252
13 Select the Statistical Test	p. 253
Steps to Take After Reading This Chapter	p. 255
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics	p. 260
Statistics and Parameters	p. 260
Parametric and Nonparametric Tests	p. 261
The Normal Distribution	p. 262
How Research Problems Originate	p. 23
The Critical Value	p. 265
Degrees of Freedom	p. 265
Determine the Statistical Purpose	p. 267
Significance of Group Differences	p. 267
Degree of Association Among Variables	p. 267
Select the Statistical Procedure	p. 269
The Chi-square Test of Independence	p. 270
t-Test for Two Independent Groups	p. 276
Analysis of Variance	p. 280
The Scheffe Test after an ANOVA	p. 286
The Decision to Conduct Research	p. 25
Bivariate Regression: The Pearson Product-moment Correlation	p. 289
Prediction: The Regression Coefficient	p. 294
Where You Are Now	p. 297
14 Multivariate Techniques	p. 299
Steps to Take After Reading This Chapter	p. 301
Two-Way Analysis of Variance	p. 302
Multiple Regression	p. 308
Other Multivariate Techniques	p. 314
Where You Are Now	p. 319
15 Data Handling and Reduction	p. 321
Research Problems	p. 26
Steps to Take After Reading This Chapter	p. 323
Preparation for Data Handling	p. 323
Plan for Editing the Data	p. 325
Plan for Data Reduction and Summaries	p. 329
Frequency Distributions	p. 329
Measures of Central Tendency	p. 331
Measures of Variability	p. 334
Contingency Tables and Cross Tabulations	p. 337
Using a Computer	p. 339
Where You Are Now	p. 343
Identify and Label the Variables	p. 27
16 Complete the Pilot Study, the Proposal, the Research and the Report	p. 345
Steps to Take After Reading This Chapter	p. 347
Conduct the Pilot Study	p. 348
How to Conduct a Pilot Study	p. 348
Complete the Proposal	p. 350
Submit the Proposal to the Sponsor	p. 351
Conduct the Research	p. 352
Write the Research Report	p. 353
Sections Which Are Included in Most Research Reports	p. 354
Suggestions for Writing the Report	p. 356
Types of Variables	p. 28
Graphs and Charts	p. 357
Personal Presentation of the Research Report	p. 365
Post Research Blues	p. 366
Where You Are Now	p. 366
1 Preliminaries	p. 1
Determine and State the Operational Definitions	p. 34
Where You Are Now	p. 36
3 Determine the Research Questions or Hypotheses	p. 37
Steps to Take After Reading This Chapter	p. 39
State the Expected Relationship Between Variables	p. 39
Decide Whether to Use Hypothesis Testing or Research Questions	p. 42
Hypothesis Testing	p. 42
If You Use a Population	p. 44
State the Preliminary Hypothesis or Research Question	p. 45
Where You Are Now	p. 48
Steps to Take After Reading This Chapter	p. 3
4 Hypothesis Testing	p. 49
Steps to Take After Reading This Chapter	p. 51
Research Hypotheses	p. 51
Null Hypotheses	p. 53
Directional and Nondirectional Hypotheses	p. 53
Decide Whether to State Directional or Nondirectional Hypotheses	p. 54
Select the Significance Level	p. 55
Statistical and Practical Significance	p. 62
Where You Are Now	p. 64
5 Levels of Measurement, Validity and Reliability	p. 65
How to Use This Book	p. 3
Steps to Take After Reading This Chapter	p. 67
Levels of Measurement	p. 67
Validity and Reliability	p. 74
Validity Estimates	p. 78
Reliability Estimates	p. 83
Where You Are Now	p. 90
6 Review the Related Information	p. 91
Steps to Take After Reading This Chapter	p. 93
List the Variables, Population and Theories	p. 94
Determine Sources of Desired Information	p. 96
The Impact of Research	p. 5
Determine the Location of the Information	p. 97
Determine How to Retrieve the Information	p. 97
Conduct the Review of Information Available	p. 103
Read the Literature	p. 103
Record the Information	p. 104
Synthesize the Information and Determine the Next Steps	p. 104
Where You Are Now	p. 106
7 Determine the Sampling Method and Procedures	p. 107
Steps to Take After Reading This Chapter	p. 109
Define the Population	p. 110
Planning and Control	p. 6
Determine the Sampling Unit	p. 110
Determine the Sampling Frame	p. 110
Determine the Sampling Method	p. 111
Random Sampling Methods	p. 113
Nonrandom Sampling Methods	p. 118
Cluster Sampling	p. 120
Concepts Related to Sample Size	p. 121
Determine the Sample Size	p. 128
List the Sampling Procedures	p. 128
Where You Are Now	p. 129
The Research Process	p. 8
8 Select the Research Design	p. 131
Steps to Take After Reading This Chapter	p. 133
Selecting the Type of Research Design	p. 133
Experimental Design	p. 136
Control Mechanisms	p. 137
Internal and External Validity of Experimental Designs	p. 138
True Experimental Designs	p. 142
Extensions of the True Experimental Designs	p. 147
Quasi-Experimental Designs	p. 150
Nonexperimental Designs	p. 152
Research Ethics	p. 9
Historical Designs	p. 155
Where You Are Now	p. 157
9 Determine the Data Collection Methods	p. 159
Steps to Take After Reading This Chapter	p. 161
The Interviewing Method	p. 162
Instrument Administration	p. 165
Observation	p. 168
Examination of Documents, Materials and Artifacts	p. 170
Unobtrusive Measures	p. 172
Where You Are Now	p. 173
Ethical Practices	p. 10
10 Determine the Instruments to Measure the Variables	p. 175
Steps to Take After Reading This Chapter	p. 177
Instruments	p. 177
Select or Design an Instrument	p. 180
Selecting an Existing Instrument	p. 180
Designing an Instrument	p. 182
General Categories of Instruments	p. 183
Performance Measures	p. 183
Measures of Attitudes, Opinions, Beliefs and Values	p. 185
Measures of Interests, Intelligence and Personality	p. 186

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