The color of justice : race, ethnicity, and crime in America
Title:
The color of justice : race, ethnicity, and crime in America
Author:
Publication Information:
Australia ; Belmont, CA : Wadsworth Thomson Learning, c2000.
Format:
Books
Series:
Contemporary issues in crime and justice series
Carrier Type:
xiv, 306 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.
Subject Term:
ISBN:
9780534523626
Available:*
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Summary
Summary
Comprehensive and balanced, THE COLOR OF JUSTICE is the definitive book on current research and theories of racial, ethnic, and gender discrimination within America's criminal justice system. The authors synthesize the best and the most recent research on patterns of criminal behavior and victimization, police practices, court processing and sentencing, the death penalty, and correctional programs giving your students the facts and theoretical foundation they need to make their own informed decisions about discrimination in the system. Uniquely unbiased, THE COLOR OF JUSTICE makes every effort to incorporate discussion of all major race groups found in the United States.
Table of Contents
Preface | p. xiii |
1 Race, Ethnicity, and Crime: The Present Crisis | p. 1 |
The Scope of This Book | p. 2 |
Goals of the Chapter | p. 4 |
The Colors of America: Racial and Ethnic Categories | p. 5 |
Racial and Ethnic Categories | p. 5 |
Focus on an Issue: The Bell Curve Controversy: Race and IQ | p. 7 |
Focus on an Issue: The Impact of a "Multicultural" Category | p. 8 |
The Politics of Racial and Ethnic Labels | p. 10 |
The Quality of Criminal Justice Data on Race and Ethnicity | p. 12 |
The Geography of Racial and Ethnic Justice | p. 13 |
Disparity Versus Discrimination | p. 15 |
The Discrimination-Disparity Continuum | p. 17 |
A Theoretical Perspective on Race, Ethnicity, and Crime | p. 18 |
Alternative Theories | p. 20 |
Summary | p. 20 |
Discussion Questions | p. 20 |
Notes | p. 21 |
2 Victims and Offenders: Myths and Realities about Crime | p. 24 |
Goals of the Chapter | p. 25 |
Picture of the Typical Victim | p. 25 |
The National Crime Victimization Survey | p. 26 |
Household Victimization | p. 27 |
Personal Victimization | p. 29 |
Trends in Household and Personal Victimization | p. 31 |
Lifetime Likelihood of Victimization | p. 32 |
Homicide Victimization Rates | p. 32 |
Summary: A Picture of the Typical Crime Victim | p. 33 |
Picture of the Typical Offender | p. 33 |
Official Arrest Statistics | p. 34 |
Focus on an Issue: The Creation of Victims and Offenders of Color | p. 35 |
Focus on an Issue: A Proposal to Eliminate Race From UCR Reports | p. 36 |
Perceptions of Offenders by Victims | p. 41 |
Self-Report Surveys | p. 43 |
Summary: A Picture of the Typical Criminal Offender | p. 46 |
Crime as an Intraracial Event | p. 46 |
The National Crime Victimization Survey | p. 47 |
UCR Homicide Reports | p. 47 |
Summary | p. 47 |
Focus on an Issue: The Politicization of Interracial Crime | p. 48 |
Focus on an Issue: Politicizing Black-On-Black Crime | p. 48 |
Crime as an Interracial (Hate) Event | p. 49 |
Ethnic Youth Gangs | p. 50 |
Gang Myths and Realities | p. 50 |
Varieties of Ethnic Gangs | p. 52 |
Conclusion | p. 54 |
Discussion Questions | p. 55 |
Notes | p. 56 |
3 Race, Ethnicity, Social Structure, and Crime | p. 60 |
Goals of the Chapter | p. 60 |
Economic Inequality | p. 61 |
Income | p. 62 |
Wealth | p. 63 |
Unemployment | p. 64 |
Poverty Status | p. 65 |
Human and Social Capital | p. 65 |
Progress, Stagnation, or Regression? The Debate over the Status of African America | p. 66 |
The Debate over the Underclass | p. 68 |
Community Social Structure | p. 70 |
Residential Segregation | p. 70 |
Theoretical Perspectives on Inequality and Crime | p. 73 |
Social Strain Theory | p. 73 |
Differential Association Theory | p. 74 |
Social Disorganization Theory | p. 75 |
Culture Conflict Theory | p. 76 |
Conflict Theory | p. 76 |
Routine Activity Theory | p. 77 |
The Limits of Current Theories | p. 78 |
Inequality and Social Reform | p. 78 |
The Impact of the Civil Rights Movement | p. 79 |
The Attack on Economic Inequality | p. 81 |
Conclusion | p. 83 |
Discussion Questions | p. 83 |
Notes | p. 84 |
4 Justice on the Street?: the Police and Minorities | p. 87 |
Unequal Justice? | p. 87 |
Goals of the Chapter | p. 88 |
A Contextual Approach | p. 88 |
A Long History of Conflict | p. 89 |
The Police and a Changing America | p. 90 |
Public Attitudes About the Police | p. 90 |
Policing Minority Neighborhoods | p. 92 |
Variations Among Minorities and the Police | p. 92 |
Focus on an Issue: Too Much or Too Little Policing? | p. 94 |
Police Use of Deadly Force | p. 95 |
Reducing Disparities in Shootings | p. 95 |
Disparity Versus Discrimination in Shootings | p. 96 |
"Police Brutality": Police Use of Physical Force | p. 97 |
Discrimination in Arrests? | p. 99 |
Focus on an Issue: Police and the War on Drugs | p. 101 |
Quality of Life Policing | p. 101 |
Stopping, Questioning, and Frisking | p. 102 |
Stereotyping, Racial Prejudice, and Routine Police Work | p. 103 |
Focus on an Issue: "Driving While Black" | p. 104 |
Verbal Abuse | p. 105 |
Police Officer Attitudes and Behavior | p. 106 |
Minorities and Police Corruption | p. 107 |
Police-Community Relations Programs | p. 108 |
Citizen Complaints Against the Police | p. 109 |
Citizen Review of the Police | p. 110 |
Police Employment Practices | p. 110 |
Trends in Racial Minority Employment | p. 110 |
Focus on an Issue: Would It Make a Difference? Assigning African American Officers to African American Neighborhoods | p. 111 |
The Law of Employment Discrimination | p. 113 |
Discrimination in Assignment | p. 114 |
The Impact of Diversity | p. 115 |
Minorities as Supervisors and Chief Executives | p. 116 |
Conclusion | p. 116 |
Discussion Questions | p. 117 |
Notes | p. 118 |
5 The Courts: a Quest for Justice During the Pretrial Process | p. 124 |
The Situation Today | p. 126 |
Goals of the Chapter | p. 128 |
Decisions Regarding Counsel and Bail | p. 128 |
Racial Minorities and the Right to Counsel | p. 128 |
Racial Minorities and Bail Decision Making | p. 133 |
Charging and Plea Bargaining Decisions | p. 139 |
Prosecutors' Charging Decisions | p. 140 |
Race and Plea Bargaining Decisions | p. 146 |
Conclusion | p. 148 |
Discussion Questions | p. 149 |
Notes | p. 149 |
6 Justice on the Bench?: Trial and Adjudication in Adult and Juvenile Court | p. 154 |
Goals of the Chapter | p. 155 |
Selection of the Jury Pool | p. 155 |
Use of Peremptory Challenges | p. 158 |
Playing the "Race Card" in a Criminal Trial | p. 161 |
Focus on an Issue: Should We Eliminate the Peremptory Challenge? | p. 162 |
Race-Conscious Jury Nullification: Black Power in the Courtroom? | p. 165 |
Race/Ethnicity and the Juvenile Justice System | p. 167 |
Race/Ethnicity and Juvenile Court Outcomes in Three Jurisdictions | p. 169 |
Transfer of Juveniles to Criminal Court | p. 171 |
Explaining Disparate Treatment of Juvenile Offenders | p. 173 |
Conclusion | p. 175 |
Discussion Questions | p. 176 |
Notes | p. 177 |
7 Race and Sentencing: In Search of Fairness and Justice | p. 181 |
Goals of the Chapter | p. 182 |
Racial Disparity in Sentencing | p. 183 |
Three Explanations for Racial Disparities in Sentencing | p. 183 |
Empirical Research on Race and Sentencing | p. 186 |
Discriminatory Sentencing in Three Urban Jurisdictions | p. 186 |
Direct and Indirect Race Effects in Two Texas Counties | p. 189 |
Racial Equity in Sentencing in Pennsylvania | p. 190 |
More Lenient Sentences for Nonwhite Drug Offenders | p. 193 |
When Does Race Matter? | p. 194 |
Differential Treatment of Interracial and Intraracial Crime | p. 195 |
Race, Unemployment, and Punishment | p. 200 |
The Effect of Race on Sentencing for Various Types of Crimes | p. 202 |
Sentencing and the War on Drugs | p. 205 |
Focus on an Issue: Penalties for Crack and Powder Cocaine | p. 209 |
The Effect of Race on Sentencing for Male and Female Offenders | p. 210 |
Focus on an Issue: Does It Make a Difference? A Comparison of the Sentencing Decisions of African American, Hispanic, and White Judges | p. 211 |
Sentencing Reform: The Quest for a "Just" Punishment System | p. 214 |
Sentence Reform and Sentence Disparity | p. 215 |
Conclusion | p. 218 |
Discussion Questions | p. 219 |
Notes | p. 219 |
8 The Color of Death: Race and the Death Penalty | p. 225 |
Goals of the Chapter | p. 225 |
The Constitutionality of the Death Penalty | p. 226 |
Furman v. Georgia | p. 226 |
Post-Furman Decisions | p. 228 |
Attitudes Toward Capital Punishment | p. 228 |
Race and the Death Penalty: The Empirical Evidence | p. 231 |
Statistical Evidence of Racial Disparity | p. 231 |
Pre-Furman Studies | p. 235 |
Post-Furman Studies | p. 240 |
Explanations for Disparate Treatment | p. 245 |
Focus on an Issue: The Death Penalty and Wrongful Convictions | p. 246 |
McCleskey v. Kemp: The Supreme Court and Racial Discrimination in the Application of the Death Penalty | p. 248 |
Focus on an Issue: The Case of the Martinsville Seven | p. 249 |
The Execution of Warren McCleskey | p. 251 |
The Aftermath of McCleskey | p. 252 |
Conclusion | p. 254 |
Discussion Questions | p. 255 |
Notes | p. 255 |
9 Corrections: a Picture in Black and White | p. 260 |
Prison Versus College: Minorities in Society | p. 260 |
Goals of the Chapter | p. 260 |
The Incarcerated: Prison and Jail Populations | p. 261 |
Minority Overrepresentation | p. 261 |
Racial and Ethnic Female Prisoners | p. 263 |
Historical Trends | p. 263 |
Impact of the War on Drugs | p. 264 |
Focus on an Issue: Correctional Personnel: Similarities and Differences on the Basis of Race | p. 265 |
Incarceration Rates | p. 265 |
Jails and Minorities | p. 266 |
The Role of Jail | p. 266 |
Minority Overrepresentation | p. 267 |
Parole: Early Release from Prison | p. 267 |
Success and Failure on Parole | p. 269 |
Probation: A Case of Sentencing Discrimination? | p. 270 |
Perspectives on the Racial Distribution of Correctional Populations | p. 270 |
Adjustment to Prison | p. 274 |
Focus on an Issue: Life in Prison: Segregation: By Law or Choice? | p. 275 |
Race and Religion | p. 276 |
Focus on an Issue: Indigenous Justice Paradigm | p. 278 |
Prison Gangs | p. 278 |
Focus on an Issue: Civil Rights of Convicted Felons | p. 279 |
Women in Prison | p. 280 |
Juveniles Under Correctional Supervision | p. 280 |
Conclusion | p. 281 |
Discussion Questions | p. 282 |
Notes | p. 282 |
10 The Color of Justice | p. 286 |
Race, Crime, and Justice | p. 287 |
Notes | p. 290 |
Selected Bibliography | p. 291 |
Index | p. 299 |
Wadsworth Thomson Learning,
Books
Walker, Samuel, 1942-
Walker, Samuel, 1942-
Spohn, Cassia.
DeLone, Miriam.
2000
Contemporary issues in crime and justice series
9780534523626
Australia ; Belmont, CA : Wadsworth Thomson Learning, c2000.
2nd ed.
SD_ILS:707226
HV9950 .W33 2000
The color of justice : race, ethnicity, and crime in America
The color of justice : race, ethnicity, and crime in America
The color of justice : race, ethnicity, and crime in America
Contemporary issues in crime and justice series
The color of justice :
Walker, Samuel, 1942-
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