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Summary
Summary
Sweeping changes in infection control and disease containment have had a significant impact on dentistry in the past decade. Because dental assistants are more likely to assume responsibility for this area of dental practice, it is necessary that students enrolled in dental assisting programs receive stringent training and education in infection control and environmental health. Infection Control for Dental Assistants addresses the requirements of the national Infection Control Examination (ICE) as set forth by the Dental Assisting National Board (DANB) Task Analysis. The text is separated into five major areas according to their relevance to the dental assistant's role in infectious disease prevention, and contains numerous hands-on procedures and assessment questions designed to help readers track their comprehension and retention of presented material. Infection Control for Dental Assistants will also be helpful as a refresher resource for dental assistants already in private practice and as a chairside reference.
Table of Contents
Foreword | p. xvii |
Preface | p. xix |
About the Author | p. xxiii |
Acknowledgments | p. xxv |
Section I Microbiology and Disease Prevention Specific to Dentistry | p. 1 |
Chapter 1 Introduction to Microbiology | p. 3 |
The Importance of Infection Control in the Dental Office | p. 4 |
The Six Components in the Chain of Infection Control | p. 4 |
Types of Infections | p. 14 |
The Five Stages of Infectious Disease | p. 15 |
The Immune System | p. 16 |
Diseases of Concern to the Dental Assistant | p. 17 |
Chapter 2 Disease Prevention in the Dental Office | p. 25 |
Infection Control in Dentistry: Goals for Reducing Cross-Contamination | p. 26 |
Ten Basic Principles of Infection Control | p. 27 |
Handwashing: The First Line of Defense in Disease Prevention | p. 31 |
Procedure Into Practice: Handwashing | p. 33 |
Risk Reduction at Chairside | p. 35 |
Chapter 3 Patient Assessment | p. 41 |
Function and Importance of a Medical/Dental History | p. 42 |
Latex Sensitivity | p. 44 |
Completing Medical/Dental History Forms | p. 45 |
Related Forms | p. 48 |
Chapter 4 Legal and Ethical Considerations of Infection Control | p. 53 |
Legal and Ethical Responsibilities | p. 54 |
Professional Standards of the Dental Assistant | p. 54 |
Maintaining Confidentiality of Patients' Records | p. 56 |
The Americans with Disabilities Act | p. 59 |
Risk Management and Quality Assurance Strategies to Prevent Malpractice | p. 63 |
Section II National Guidelines, Recommendations, and Regulations Affecting Dental Practice | p. 71 |
Chapter 5 Regulatory Government Agencies and National Associations | p. 73 |
The Role of Government Agencies | p. 74 |
Complying with Local, State, and Federal Regulations | p. 74 |
Differences and Distinctions | p. 74 |
Organizations for Dental Assistants | p. 77 |
Chapter 6 The Dental Office Safety Supervisor | p. 81 |
Role of the Office Safety Trainer | p. 82 |
Training Organization | p. 82 |
Twelve Tasks of the Office Safety Supervisor | p. 83 |
Section III Infection Control Techniques in the Dental Office | p. 91 |
Chapter 7 Personal Safety and Barrier Protection | p. 93 |
Hepatitis B and Other Recommended Vaccinations | p. 94 |
Identifying Employees at Risk: Exposure Determination by Categories | p. 94 |
Universal Precautions: Gloves, Masks, Eyewear, and Outer Protective Clothing | p. 96 |
Types of Gloves Used in Dentistry | p. 96 |
Masks | p. 101 |
Eyewear | p. 101 |
Scrubs or Protective Outer Garments | p. 102 |
Laundering of Reusable PPE | p. 103 |
Guidelines for Putting On and Removing PPE | p. 104 |
Procedure Into Practice: Donning PPE | p. 104 |
Procedure Into Practice: Removing PPE | p. 105 |
Eyewash Stations | p. 107 |
Sharps Management and Disposal | p. 107 |
Procedure Into Practice: Emergency Eyewash Procedure | p. 108 |
Procedure Into Practice: Minimizing Personal Injury from Contaminated Sharps | p. 110 |
Handling an Accidental Exposure | p. 111 |
Procedure Into Practice: What the Dental Assistant Must Do in the Event of Accidental Exposure | p. 113 |
Procedure Into Practice: What the Dentist/Employer Must Do in the Event of an Accidental Exposure | p. 113 |
Chapter 8 Instrument Recirculation | p. 117 |
Introduction to Instrument Recirculation | p. 118 |
Critical, Semicritical, and Noncritical Classifications | p. 118 |
Processing Contaminated Instruments | p. 119 |
After Completion of a Chairside Procedure | p. 119 |
Procedure Into Practice: Processing Contaminated Instruments | p. 120 |
Instrument Precleaning/Soaking | p. 120 |
Instrument Scrubbing | p. 121 |
Procedure Into Practice: Manual Instrument Scrubbing | p. 122 |
Procedure Into Practice: Ultrasonically Scrubbing Instruments | p. 124 |
Disinfection versus Sterilization | p. 125 |
Procedure Into Practice: Chemical Disinfection of Instruments That Cannot Be Heat Sterilized | p. 126 |
Sterilization | p. 127 |
Accepted Methods of Sterilization | p. 127 |
Procedure Into Practice: Instructions for Operating the Autoclave | p. 131 |
Processing High-Speed Dental Handpieces | p. 134 |
Procedure Into Practice: Handpiece Sterilization Steps | p. 135 |
Procedure Into Practice: Packaging Instruments and Loading the Sterilizer | p. 137 |
Sterilizer Monitoring | p. 138 |
Procedure Into Practice: Maintaining a Sterilization Monitoring Log | p. 138 |
Storage of Sterilized Instruments | p. 140 |
Most Common Reasons for Instrument Sterilization Failure | p. 141 |
Chapter 9 Environmental Surface and Equipment Asepsis | p. 145 |
The Need for Surface Disinfection | p. 146 |
Chemical Disinfectants | p. 147 |
Spray-Wipe-Spray Technique | p. 149 |
Procedure Into Practice: Guidelines for Mixing, Handling, and Discarding Chemical Sterilants and Disinfectants | p. 150 |
Placement of Protective Barriers | p. 150 |
Procedure Into Practice: Guidelines for the Spray-Wipe-Spray Technique | p. 151 |
Procedure Into Practice: Guidelines for Placing and Removing Environmental Surface Barriers | p. 153 |
Chapter 10 Dental Laboratory Asepsis | p. 157 |
The Importance of Infection Control Procedures in the Dental Office Laboratory | p. 158 |
Procedure Into Practice: Disinfection of a Dental Prosthesis or Orthodontic Appliance | p. 162 |
Disinfection of Dental Impressions | p. 163 |
Disinfection of Related Dental Laboratory Items | p. 165 |
Asepsis in the Dental Office Lab | p. 166 |
Disposal of Laboratory Waste Materials | p. 167 |
Chapter 11 Infection Control in Dental Radiography | p. 171 |
Infection Control Awareness in Dental Radiography | p. 172 |
Prior to Exposing Radiographs | p. 172 |
ADA Infection Control Recommendations for X-Ray Equipment and Films | p. 173 |
Procedure Into Practice: Placing and Removing Protective Surface Barriers in the Radiographic Operatory | p. 173 |
Procedure Into Practice: Infection Control Procedures for the Radiography Operatory | p. 174 |
Handling the X-Ray Film Packet | p. 175 |
Disinfection of Intraoral Film Packets | p. 175 |
Procedure Into Practice: Infection Control Procedures for the Darkroom | p. 177 |
Procedure Into Practice: Infection Control Procedures While Using a Daylight Loader | p. 177 |
Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Infection Control Methods for Exposing Dental Radiographs | p. 178 |
Waste Management of Radiographic Chemistry | p. 180 |
Section IV Environmental Health and Safety (Hazard Communication) in the Dental Office | p. 183 |
Chapter 12 Hazard Communication | p. 185 |
Hazard Communication Program | p. 186 |
Physical and Chemical Hazards in the Dental Office | p. 187 |
Product Warning Labels and Stickers | p. 187 |
Biological Hazards in the Dental Office | p. 194 |
Bloodborne Pathogens Standard | p. 195 |
New OSHA Compliance Directive | p. 201 |
Chapter 13 Waterline Biofilms | p. 211 |
What Are Biofilms? | p. 212 |
Conditions That Facilitate Biofilm Formation in Waterlines | p. 212 |
Stages of Biofilm Formation in Waterlines | p. 214 |
What Is the Quality of Drinking Water? | p. 215 |
Recommendations for Dental Unit Waterline Biofilm Reduction | p. 215 |
Procedure Into Practice: Reduction of Waterline Biofilms | p. 215 |
Solutions to Reduce Waterline Biofilms | p. 216 |
Procedure Into Practice: Steps for Weekly Waterline Asepsis | p. 217 |
Equipment Manufacturers Make Modifications | p. 218 |
Independent Water Reservoirs versus Filters | p. 219 |
Boil-Water Advisory Procedures | p. 220 |
Chapter 14 Occupational Environmental Hazards | p. 225 |
Health Hazards of Concern to the Dental Assistant | p. 226 |
Mercury | p. 226 |
Radiation | p. 226 |
Procedure Into Practice: Guidelines for Handling Mercury | p. 227 |
Procedure Into Practice: Recommended Guidelines for Cleaning Up a Mercury Spill | p. 228 |
Caustic Agents and Other Hazardous Chemicals | p. 230 |
Procedure Into Practice: Guidelines for Protection When Working with Glutaraldehyde | p. 231 |
Gases: Nitrous Oxide, Oxygen, and Ethylene Oxide | p. 232 |
Procedure Into Practice: Guidelines to Reduce Exposure During Conscious Sedation Administration of Nitrous Oxide | p. 233 |
Procedure Into Practice: Safety Precautions for Oxygen Use | p. 235 |
Bioaerosols | p. 235 |
Procedure Into Practice: Reducing Bioaerosols in the Dental Office | p. 236 |
Latex Allergies | p. 236 |
White Visible Light and Dental Lasers | p. 239 |
Bonding Materials and Acrylics | p. 240 |
Hazardous Noise Levels | p. 240 |
Procedure Into Practice: Guidelines for Preventing Injury Caused | p. 241 |
Procedure Into Practice: Precautions for Preventing Occupational NIHL | p. 241 |
Repetitive Motion Injury and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome | p. 242 |
Chapter 15 Office Emergency Procedures | p. 247 |
General Office Safety | p. 248 |
Fire Safety and Emergency Evacuation | p. 248 |
Natural Disaster Preparedness | p. 250 |
Procedure Into Practice: How to Use a Fire Extinguisher | p. 251 |
Bomb Threats and Violence in the Workplace | p. 252 |
Signage Requirements | p. 253 |
First-Aid and Emergency Kits | p. 254 |
Procedure Into Practice: Emergency Administration of Oxygen | p. 255 |
Section V Office Communications Regarding Infection Control | p. 259 |
Chapter 16 Marketing Infection Control | p. 261 |
The Need to Market Infection Control | p. 262 |
Front Office Marketing | p. 263 |
Educating Patients about Infectious Diseases | p. 266 |
The Importance of an AIDS Treatment Policy | p. 268 |
Chairside Marketing | p. 268 |
Bibliography | p. 273 |
Appendix A DANB Infection Control Task Analysis (ICE) Requirements Cross-Referenced by Chapter | p. 279 |
Appendix B Summary of OSHA's Bloodborne/Hazardous Materials Standard | p. 285 |